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Class incremental learning (CIL) requires an agent to learn distinct tasks consecutively with knowledge retention against forgetting. Problems impeding the practical applications of CIL methods are twofold: (1) non-i.i.d batch streams and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Junda Wang , Minghui Hu , Ning Li , Abdulaziz Al-Ali , Ponnuthurai Nagaratnam Suganthan

Although the concept of catastrophic forgetting is straightforward, there is a lack of study on its causes. In this paper, we systematically explore and reveal three causes for catastrophic forgetting in Class Incremental Learning(CIL).…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Zixuan Ni , Haizhou Shi , Siliang Tang , Longhui Wei , Qi Tian , Yueting Zhuang

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) aims to continuously acquire new categories while preserving previously learned knowledge. Recently, Contrastive Language-Image Pre-trained (CLIP) models have shown strong potential for CIL due to their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Tianqi Wang , Jingcai Guo

Class-incremental learning (CIL) seeks to enable a model to sequentially learn new classes while retaining knowledge of previously learned ones. Balancing flexibility and stability remains a significant challenge, particularly when the task…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Fangwen Wu , Lechao Cheng , Shengeng Tang , Xiaofeng Zhu , Chaowei Fang , Dingwen Zhang , Meng Wang

Existing continual learning techniques focus on either task incremental learning (TIL) or class incremental learning (CIL) problem, but not both. CIL and TIL differ mainly in that the task-id is provided for each test sample during testing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-18 Gyuhak Kim , Sepideh Esmaeilpour , Changnan Xiao , Bing Liu

In the scenario of class-incremental learning (CIL), deep neural networks have to adapt their model parameters to non-stationary data distributions, e.g., the emergence of new classes over time. However, CIL models are challenged by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Depeng Li , Zhigang Zeng

Class-Incremental Learning (CIL) aims to train a reliable model with the streaming data, which emerges unknown classes sequentially. Different from traditional closed set learning, CIL has two main challenges: 1) Novel class detection. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Yang Yang , Zhen-Qiang Sun , HengShu Zhu , Yanjie Fu , Hui Xiong , Jian Yang

Class Incremental Learning (CIL) is challenging due to catastrophic forgetting. On top of that, Exemplar-free Class Incremental Learning is even more challenging due to forbidden access to previous task data. Recent exemplar-free CIL…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Zichong Meng , Jie Zhang , Changdi Yang , Zheng Zhan , Pu Zhao , Yanzhi Wang

Deep convolutional neural networks have made significant breakthroughs in medical image classification, under the assumption that training samples from all classes are simultaneously available. However, in real-world medical scenarios,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Xuze Hao , Wenqian Ni , Xuhao Jiang , Weimin Tan , Bo Yan

Current research on class-incremental learning primarily focuses on single-label classification tasks. However, real-world applications often involve multi-label scenarios, such as image retrieval and medical imaging. Therefore, this paper…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Chenhao Ding , Songlin Dong , Zhengdong Zhou , Jizhou Han , Qiang Wang , Yuhang He , Yihong Gong

The dynamic nature of open-world scenarios has attracted more attention to class incremental learning (CIL). However, existing CIL methods typically presume the availability of complete ground-truth labels throughout the training process,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Jiaming Liu , Hongyuan Liu , Zhili Qin , Wei Han , Yulu Fan , Qinli Yang , Junming Shao

Real-world environments are inherently non-stationary, frequently introducing new classes over time. This is especially common in time series classification, such as the emergence of new disease classification in healthcare or the addition…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Zhongzheng Qiao , Quang Pham , Zhen Cao , Hoang H Le , P. N. Suganthan , Xudong Jiang , Ramasamy Savitha

Incremental Learning (IL) aims to accumulate knowledge from sequential input tasks while overcoming catastrophic forgetting. Existing IL methods typically assume that an incoming task has only increments of classes or domains, referred to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Min-Yeong Park , Jae-Ho Lee , Gyeong-Moon Park

Exemplar-free class incremental learning (EF-CIL) is a nontrivial task that requires continuously enriching model capability with new classes while maintaining previously learned knowledge without storing and replaying any old class…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Tianqi Wang , Jingcai Guo , Depeng Li , Zhi Chen

Class-incremental learning (CIL) has emerged as a means to learn new classes incrementally without catastrophic forgetting of previous classes. Recently, CIL has undergone a paradigm shift towards dynamic architectures due to their superior…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-15 Sunyuan Qiang , Yanyan Liang , Jun Wan , Du Zhang

Deep neural networks suffer from catastrophic forgetting when continually learning new concepts. In this paper, we analyze this problem from a data imbalance point of view. We argue that the imbalance between old task and new task data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Leyuan Wang , Liuyu Xiang , Yunlong Wang , Huijia Wu , Zhaofeng He

In class-incremental learning, an agent with limited resources needs to learn a sequence of classification tasks, forming an ever growing classification problem, with the constraint of not being able to access data from previous tasks. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Albin Soutif--Cormerais , Marc Masana , Joost van de Weijer , Bartłomiej Twardowski

Class incremental learning (CIL) aims to enable models to continuously learn new classes without catastrophically forgetting old ones. A promising direction is to learn and use prototypes of classes during incremental updates. Despite…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Huitong Chen , Yu Wang , Yan Fan , Guosong Jiang , Qinghua Hu

For future learning systems, incremental learning is desirable because it allows for: efficient resource usage by eliminating the need to retrain from scratch at the arrival of new data; reduced memory usage by preventing or limiting the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Marc Masana , Xialei Liu , Bartlomiej Twardowski , Mikel Menta , Andrew D. Bagdanov , Joost van de Weijer

New categories may be introduced over time, or existing categories may need to be reclassified. Class incremental learning (CIL) is employed for the gradual acquisition of knowledge about new categories while preserving information about…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Zhiwei Zuo , Zhuo Tang , Bin Wang , Kenli Li , Anwitaman Datta