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Currently, reinforcement learning (RL), especially deep RL, has received more and more attention in the research area. However, the security of RL has been an obvious problem due to the attack manners becoming mature. In order to defend…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Jiarui Yao , Simon Shaolei Du

Safe exploration remains a fundamental challenge in reinforcement learning (RL), limiting the deployment of RL agents in the real world. We propose Sampling-Based Safe Reinforcement Learning (SBSRL), a model-based RL algorithm that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Luca Vignola , Bruce D. Lee , Manish Prajapat , Manuel Wendl , Melanie Zeilinger , Andreas Krause , Yarden As

Safe reinforcement learning (SafeRL) is a prominent paradigm for autonomous driving, where agents are required to optimize performance under strict safety requirements. This dual objective creates a fundamental tension, as overly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Mahesh Keswani , Raunak Bhattacharyya

We study the robustness of reinforcement learning (RL) with adversarially perturbed state observations, which aligns with the setting of many adversarial attacks to deep reinforcement learning (DRL) and is also important for rolling out…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-22 Huan Zhang , Hongge Chen , Duane Boning , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Reinforcement learning (RL) has proven its worth in a series of artificial domains, and is beginning to show some successes in real-world scenarios. However, much of the research advances in RL are hard to leverage in real-world systems due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Gabriel Dulac-Arnold , Nir Levine , Daniel J. Mankowitz , Jerry Li , Cosmin Paduraru , Sven Gowal , Todd Hester

This paper proposes adversarial attacks for Reinforcement Learning (RL) and then improves the robustness of Deep Reinforcement Learning algorithms (DRL) to parameter uncertainties with the help of these attacks. We show that even a naively…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-12-12 Anay Pattanaik , Zhenyi Tang , Shuijing Liu , Gautham Bommannan , Girish Chowdhary

As ML models are increasingly deployed in critical applications, robustness against adversarial perturbations is crucial. While numerous defenses have been proposed to counter such attacks, they typically assume that all adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Yuan Xin , Dingfan Chen , Michael Backes , Xiao Zhang

Reinforcement learning (RL) is attracting increasing interests in autonomous driving due to its potential to solve complex classification and control problems. However, existing RL algorithms are rarely applied to real vehicles for two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Lu Wen , Jingliang Duan , Shengbo Eben Li , Shaobing Xu , Huei Peng

Safety remains a central obstacle preventing widespread use of RL in the real world: learning new tasks in uncertain environments requires extensive exploration, but safety requires limiting exploration. We propose Recovery RL, an algorithm…

Reinforcement learning (RL) training is inherently unstable due to factors such as moving targets and high gradient variance. Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) and Reinforcement Learning from AI Feedback (RLAIF) can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Ju-Seung Byun , Andrew Perrault

Continuous-time nonlinear optimal control problems hold great promise in real-world applications. After decades of development, reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved some of the greatest successes as a general nonlinear control design…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-19 Brent A. Wallace , Jennie Si

AI systems empowered by reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms harbor the immense potential to catalyze societal advancement, yet their deployment is often impeded by significant safety concerns. Particularly in safety-critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Jiaming Ji , Jiayi Zhou , Borong Zhang , Juntao Dai , Xuehai Pan , Ruiyang Sun , Weidong Huang , Yiran Geng , Mickel Liu , Yaodong Yang

Although Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms have found tremendous success in simulated domains, they often cannot directly be applied to physical systems, especially in cases where there are hard constraints to satisfy (e.g. on safety…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-28 Harsh Satija , Philip Amortila , Joelle Pineau

Recent studies show that Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) models are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, which attack DRL models by adding small perturbations to the observations. However, some attacks assume full availability of the victim…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Xinlei Pan , Chaowei Xiao , Warren He , Shuang Yang , Jian Peng , Mingjie Sun , Jinfeng Yi , Zijiang Yang , Mingyan Liu , Bo Li , Dawn Song

Recently, there has been a surge in interest in safe and robust techniques within reinforcement learning (RL). Current notions of risk in RL fail to capture the potential for systemic failures such as abrupt stoppages from system failures…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-10-09 David Mguni

Robust reinforcement learning (RL) aims to find a policy that optimizes the worst-case performance in the face of uncertainties. In this paper, we focus on action robust RL with the probabilistic policy execution uncertainty, in which,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Guanlin Liu , Zhihan Zhou , Han Liu , Lifeng Lai

Reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved remarkable success in real-world decision-making across diverse domains, including gaming, robotics, online advertising, public health, and natural language processing. Despite these advances, a…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-23 Asim H. Gazi , Yongyi Guo , Daiqi Gao , Ziping Xu , Kelly W. Zhang , Susan A. Murphy

Generalization is a central challenge for the deployment of reinforcement learning (RL) systems in the real world. In this paper, we show that the sequential structure of the RL problem necessitates new approaches to generalization beyond…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-14 Dibya Ghosh , Jad Rahme , Aviral Kumar , Amy Zhang , Ryan P. Adams , Sergey Levine

Reinforcement learning (RL) has achieved phenomenal success in various domains. However, its data-driven nature also introduces new vulnerabilities that can be exploited by malicious opponents. Recent work shows that a well-trained RL agent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Xiaolin Sun , Zizhan Zheng

Reinforcement Learning (RL) agents can solve diverse tasks but often exhibit unsafe behavior. Constrained Markov Decision Processes (CMDPs) address this by enforcing safety constraints, yet existing methods either sacrifice reward…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Nikola Milosevic , Johannes Müller , Nico Scherf