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We introduce MMBench-GUI, a hierarchical benchmark for evaluating GUI automation agents across Windows, macOS, Linux, iOS, Android, and Web platforms. It comprises four levels: GUI Content Understanding, Element Grounding, Task Automation,…

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs), which encapsulate the implementation of specific functions as interfaces, greatly improve the efficiency of modern software development. As numbers of APIs spring up nowadays, developers can hardly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Yun Peng , Shuqing Li , Wenwei Gu , Yichen Li , Wenxuan Wang , Cuiyun Gao , Michael Lyu

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents, powered by Large Foundation Models, have emerged as a transformative approach to automating human-computer interaction. These agents autonomously interact with digital systems or software applications…

The inception of a mobile app often takes form of a mock-up of the Graphical User Interface (GUI), represented as a static image delineating the proper layout and style of GUI widgets that satisfy requirements. Following this initial…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-04-09 Kevin Moran , Boyang Li , Carlos Bernal-Cárdenas , Dan Jelf , Denys Poshyvanyk

Oracles used for testing graphical user interface (GUI) programs are required to take into consideration complicating factors such as variations in screen resolution or color scheme when comparing observed GUI elements to expected GUI…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-11-18 Dalal Hammoud , Fadi A. Zaraket , Wes Masri

Mobile apps are indispensable for people's daily life, and automated GUI (Graphical User Interface) testing is widely used for app quality assurance. There is a growing interest in using learning-based techniques for automated GUI testing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-17 Zhe Liu , Chunyang Chen , Junjie Wang , Mengzhuo Chen , Boyu Wu , Xing Che , Dandan Wang , Qing Wang

Context: Visual GUI testing (VGT) is referred to as the latest generation GUI-based testing. It is a tool-driven technique, which uses image recognition for interacting with and asserting the behavior of the system under test. Motivated by…

The fragmentation problem has extended from Android to different platforms, such as iOS, mobile web, and even mini-programs within some applications (app). In such a situation, recording and replaying test scripts is a popular automated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Shengcheng Yu , Chunrong Fang , Yexiao Yun , Yang Feng

The Message Passing Interface (MPI) is the prevalent programming model used on today's supercomputers. Therefore, MPI library developers are looking for the best possible performance (shortest run-time) of individual MPI functions across…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2016-05-30 Sascha Hunold , Alexandra Carpen-Amarie

In black-box testing of GUI applications (a form of system testing), a dynamic analysis of the GUI application is used to infer a black-box model; the black-box model is then used to derive test cases for the test of the GUI application. In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2012-10-18 Stephan Arlt , Evren Ermis , Sergio Feo-Arenis , Andreas Podelski

GUI grounding is a critical component in building capable GUI agents. However, existing grounding benchmarks suffer from significant limitations: they either provide insufficient data volume and narrow domain coverage, or focus excessively…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Beitong Zhou , Zhexiao Huang , Yuan Guo , Zhangxuan Gu , Tianyu Xia , Zichen Luo , Fei Tang , Dehan Kong , Yanyi Shang , Suling Ou , Zhenlin Guo , Changhua Meng , Shuheng Shen

GUI testing is significant in the SE community. Most existing frameworks are intrusive and only support some specific platforms. With the development of distinct scenarios, diverse embedded systems or customized operating systems on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Shengcheng Yu , Chunrong Fang , Mingzhe Du , Yuchen Ling , Zhenyu Chen , Zhendong Su

Reproducibility and comparability of empirical results are at the core tenet of the scientific method in any scientific field. To ease reproducibility of empirical studies, several benchmarks in software engineering research, such as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-04-01 José Campos , André Souto

The rapid development of GUI foundation models and mobile GUI agents has spurred numerous evaluation benchmarks, yet most rely on simulated environments or open-source applications, leaving real-world closed-source applications largely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yifan Sui , Xin Huang , Hongbing Li , Fang Xu , Jiahe Lv , Haolong Yan , Yeqing Shen , Litao Liu , Zhimin Fan , Ziyang Meng , Jia Wang , Junbo Qi , Kaijun Tan , Zheng Ge , Xiangyu Zhang , Daxin Jiang , Osamu Yoshie

In crowdsourced user experiments that collect performance data from graphical user interface (GUI) interactions, some participants ignore instructions or act carelessly, threatening the validity of performance models. We investigate a…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Takaya Miyama , Satoshi Nakamura , Shota Yamanaka

Due to the importance of Android app quality assurance, many automated GUI testing tools have been developed. Although the test algorithms have been improved, the impact of GUI rendering has been overlooked. On the one hand, setting a long…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Sidong Feng , Mulong Xie , Chunyang Chen

Recent advances in Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents have shown remarkable progress in code generation. However, current agent methods mainly rely on text-output-based feedback (e.g. command-line outputs) for multi-round debugging and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Zhilin Liu , Ye Huang , Ting Xie , Ruizhi Zhang , Wen Li , Lixin Duan

Recent advancements in Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents have predominantly focused on training paradigms like supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning (RL). However, the challenge of high-dynamic GUI environments remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Enqi Liu , Liyuan Pan , Zhi Gao , Yan Yang , Chenrui Shi , Yang Liu , Jingrong Wu , Qing Li

Context: Albeit different approaches exist for automated GUI testing of hybrid mobile applications, the practice appears to be not so commonly adopted by developers. A possible reason for such a low diffusion can be the fragility of the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Riccardo Coppola , Luca Ardito , Marco Torchiano

Mobile agents can autonomously complete user-assigned tasks through GUI interactions. However, existing mainstream evaluation benchmarks, such as AndroidWorld, operate by connecting to a system-level Android emulator and provide evaluation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Yunfei Feng , Xi Zhao , Cheng Zhang , Dahu Feng , Daolin Cheng , Jianqi Yu , Yubin Xia , Erhu Feng