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For 3D object detection, both camera and lidar have been demonstrated to be useful sensory devices for providing complementary information about the same scenery with data representations in different modalities, e.g., 2D RGB image vs 3D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Xinhao Xiang , Jiawei Zhang

Level crossing accidents remain a significant safety concern in modern railway systems, particularly under adverse weather conditions that degrade sensor performance. This review surveys state-of-the-art sensor technologies and fusion…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-03 Chenyang Yan , Mats Bengtsson

This paper presents a tightly-coupled multi-sensor fusion algorithm termed LiDAR-inertial-camera fusion (LIC-Fusion), which efficiently fuses IMU measurements, sparse visual features, and extracted LiDAR points. In particular, the proposed…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-11-04 Xingxing Zuo , Patrick Geneva , Woosik Lee , Yong Liu , Guoquan Huang

Accurate and robust object detection is critical for autonomous driving. Image-based detectors face difficulties caused by low visibility in adverse weather conditions. Thus, radar-camera fusion is of particular interest but presents…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-18 Huawei Sun , Hao Feng , Georg Stettinger , Lorenzo Servadei , Robert Wille

This paper presents a novel control algorithm for robotic manipulators in unstructured environments using proximity sensors partially distributed on the platform. The proposed approach exploits arrays of multi zone Time-of-Flight (ToF)…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Simone Borelli , Francesco Giovinazzo , Francesco Grella , Giorgio Cannata

Deep reinforcement learning has achieved great success in laser-based collision avoidance work because the laser can sense accurate depth information without too much redundant data, which can maintain the robustness of the algorithm when…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-08-24 Lingping Gao , Jianchuan Ding , Wenxi Liu , Haiyin Piao , Yuxin Wang , Xin Yang , Baocai Yin

Automation driving techniques have seen tremendous progresses these last years, particularly due to a better perception of the environment. In order to provide safe yet not too conservative driving in complex urban environment, data fusion…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Michelle Valente , Cyril Joly , Arnaud de la Fortelle

This paper introduces a novel deep learning-based multimodal fusion architecture aimed at enhancing the perception capabilities of autonomous navigation robots in complex environments. By utilizing innovative feature extraction modules,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Delun Lai , Yeyubei Zhang , Yunchong Liu , Chaojie Li , Huadong Mo

Recent advances in 4D imaging radar have enabled robust perception in adverse weather, while camera sensors provide dense semantic information. Fusing the these complementary modalities has great potential for cost-effective 3D perception.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Xiaozhi Li , Huijun Di , Jian Li , Feng Liu , Wei Liang

Lidar has become an essential sensor for autonomous driving as it provides reliable depth estimation. Lidar is also the primary sensor used in building 3D maps which can be used even in the case of low-cost systems which do not use Lidar.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-08 B Ravi Kiran , Luis Roldão , Benat Irastorza , Renzo Verastegui , Sebastian Suss , Senthil Yogamani , Victor Talpaert , Alexandre Lepoutre , Guillaume Trehard

Reliable detection and tracking of surrounding objects are indispensable for comprehensive motion prediction and planning of autonomous vehicles. Due to the limitations of individual sensors, the fusion of multiple sensor modalities is…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Phillip Karle , Felix Fent , Sebastian Huch , Florian Sauerbeck , Markus Lienkamp

The integration of data from diverse sensor modalities (e.g., camera and LiDAR) constitutes a prevalent methodology within the ambit of autonomous driving scenarios. Recent advancements in efficient point cloud transformers have underscored…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Yutao Zhu , Xiaosong Jia , Xinyu Yang , Junchi Yan

Object detection and global localization play a crucial role in robotics, spanning across a great spectrum of applications from autonomous cars to multi-layered 3D Scene Graphs for semantic scene understanding. This article proposes BOX3D,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Mario A. V. Saucedo , Nikolaos Stathoulopoulos , Vidya Sumathy , Christoforos Kanellakis , George Nikolakopoulos

To navigate through urban roads, an automated vehicle must be able to perceive and recognize objects in a three-dimensional environment. A high-level contextual understanding of the surroundings is necessary to plan and execute accurate…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-03-05 Julie Stephany Berrio , Mao Shan , Stewart Worrall , James Ward , Eduardo Nebot

Camera-based 3D object detection and tracking are central to autonomous driving, yet precise 3D object localization remains fundamentally constrained by depth ambiguity when no expensive, depth-rich online LiDAR is available at inference.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Markus Käppeler , Özgün Çiçek , Yakov Miron , Abhinav Valada

Camera and 3D LiDAR sensors have become indispensable devices in modern autonomous driving vehicles, where the camera provides the fine-grained texture, color information in 2D space and LiDAR captures more precise and farther-away distance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-18 Lin Zhao , Hui Zhou , Xinge Zhu , Xiao Song , Hongsheng Li , Wenbing Tao

In recent years, LiDAR-camera fusion models have markedly advanced 3D object detection tasks in autonomous driving. However, their robustness against common weather corruption such as fog, rain, snow, and sunlight in the intricate physical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Yihao Huang , Kaiyuan Yu , Qing Guo , Felix Juefei-Xu , Xiaojun Jia , Tianlin Li , Geguang Pu , Yang Liu

Multi-modal fusion is a basic task of autonomous driving system perception, which has attracted many scholars' interest in recent years. The current multi-modal fusion methods mainly focus on camera data and LiDAR data, but pay little…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-11-14 Yan Gong , Jianli Lu , Jiayi Wu , Wenzhuo Liu

Robust 3D object detection is critical for safe autonomous driving. Camera and radar sensors are synergistic as they capture complementary information and work well under different environmental conditions. Fusing camera and radar data is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-19 Jyh-Jing Hwang , Henrik Kretzschmar , Joshua Manela , Sean Rafferty , Nicholas Armstrong-Crews , Tiffany Chen , Dragomir Anguelov

With the advent of advanced multi-sensor fusion models, there has been a notable enhancement in the performance of perception tasks within in terms of autonomous driving. Despite these advancements, the challenges persist, particularly in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-27 Wei Jong Yang , Guan Cheng Lee