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Why do we need quantization to describe vision? What are the quadrature operators of the electromagnetic field? Is it possible to measure them? What are the characteristic functions useful for? In this brief tutorial we provide the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-08 Stefano Olivares

Quantum tomography is a fundamental technique for characterizing, benchmarking, and verifying quantum states and devices. It plays a crucial role in advancing quantum technologies and deepening our understanding of quantum mechanics.…

Quantum machine learning seeks to exploit the underlying nature of a quantum computer to enhance machine learning techniques. A particular framework uses the quantum property of superposition to store sets of parameters, thereby creating an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-30 Amira Abbas , Maria Schuld , Francesco Petruccione

In this paper, we present a thought experiment that demonstrates that the equivalence of quantum reduced states and statistical mixed states of ensembles is not merely a simple mathematical formulation in quantum mechanics, but rather…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-18 Zhihong Zuo

Quantum computers promise to surpass the most powerful classical supercomputers when it comes to solving many critically important practical problems, such as pharmaceutical and fertilizer design, supply chain and traffic optimization, or…

Computation · Statistics 2022-04-05 Anna Lopatnikova , Minh-Ngoc Tran , Scott A. Sisson

A quantum ensemble $\{(p_x, \rho_x)\}$ is a set of quantum states each occurring randomly with a given probability. Quantum ensembles are necessary to describe situations with incomplete a priori information, such as the output of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-03-30 Ognyan Oreshkov , John Calsamiglia

A key concept of quantum information theory is that accessing information encoded in a quantum system requires us to discriminate between several possible states the system could be in. A natural generalization of this problem, namely,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-07 Tathagata Gupta , Shayeef Murshid , Vincent Russo , Somshubhro Bandyopadhyay

The different interpretations of quantum mechanics yield the same experimental results, which may give the impression that the question of what interpretation is the true one, is a philosophical question, not a scientific one. But in this…

General Physics · Physics 2020-03-12 Raed M. Shaiia

We examine how to distinguish between unitary operators, when the exact form of the possible operators is not known. Instead we are supplied with "programs" in the form of unitary transforms, which can be used as references for identifying…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-09-23 Mark Hillery , Erika Andersson , Stephen M. Barnett , Daniel Oi

Stochastic Master equations or quantum filtering equations for mixed states are well known objects in quantum physics. Building a mathematically rigorous theory of these equations in infinite-dimensional spaces is a long standing open…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-06-14 Vassili N. Kolokoltsov

Preparing thermal equilibrium states is an essential task for finite-temperature quantum simulations. In statistical mechanics, microstates in thermal equilibrium can be obtained from statistical ensembles. To date, numerous ensembles have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-23 Yasushi Yoneta

Quantum physics can only make statistical predictions about possible measurement outcomes, and these predictions originate from an operator algebra that is fundamentally different from the conventional definition of probability as a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-11 Holger F. Hofmann

Quasi-set theory provides a mathematical background for dealing with collections of indistinguishable elementary particles. In this paper, we show how to obtain the quantum statistics into the scope of quasi-set theory and discuss the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Decio Krause , Adonai S. Sant'Anna , Analice G. Volkov

The language of operator algebras is of great help for the formulation of questions and answers in quantum statistical mechanics. In Chapter 1 we present a minimal mathematical introduction to operator algebras, with physical applications…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 David Ruelle

Quantum superposition says that any physical system simultaneously exists in all of its possible states, the number of which is exponential in the number of entities composing the system. The strength of presence of each possible state in…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-07-19 Gerard J. Rinkus

For studying the thermodynamic properties of systems using statistical mechanics we propose an ensemble that lies in between the familiar canonical and microcanonical ensembles. From a comparative study of these ensembles we conclude that…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 R. P. Venkataraman

The notion of representative statistical ensembles, correctly representing statistical systems, is strictly formulated. This notion allows for a proper description of statistical systems, avoiding inconsistencies in theory. As an…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-05-13 V. I. Yukalov

In quantum mechanics, the wavefunction predicts probabilities of possible measurement outcomes, but not which individual outcome is realised in each run of an experiment. This suggests that it describes an ensemble of states with different…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-22 Jonte R. Hance , Sabine Hossenfelder

An expression is proposed for the quantum mechanical state of a pre- and post-selected ensemble, which is an ensemble determined by the final as well as the initial state of the quantum systems involved. It is shown that the probabilities…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 D. J. Miller

We give a criterion of classicality for mixed states in terms of expectation values of a quantum observable. Using group representation theory we identify all cases when the criterion can be computed exactly in terms of the spectrum of a…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2015-06-03 Michał Oszmaniec , Marek Kuś