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By leveraging the data sample diversity, the early-exit network recently emerges as a prominent neural network architecture to accelerate the deep learning inference process. However, intermediate classifiers of the early exits introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-22 Rongkang Dong , Yuyi Mao , Jun Zhang

Early-exit networks are effective solutions for reducing the overall energy consumption and latency of deep learning models by adjusting computation based on the complexity of input data. By incorporating intermediate exit branches into the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Oscar Robben , Saeed Khalilian , Nirvana Meratnia

In machine learning, there is a fundamental trade-off between ease of optimization and expressive power. Neural Networks, in particular, have enormous expressive power and yet are notoriously challenging to train. The nature of that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-11-24 Diogo Almeida , Nate Sauder

Early-exiting dynamic neural networks (EDNN), as one type of dynamic neural networks, has been widely studied recently. A typical EDNN has multiple prediction heads at different layers of the network backbone. During inference, the model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Haichao Yu , Haoxiang Li , Gang Hua , Gao Huang , Humphrey Shi

Early-exit neural networks reduce inference cost by enabling confident predictions at intermediate layers. However, joint training often leads to gradient interference, with deeper classifiers dominating optimization. We propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Saad Mokssit , Ouassim Karrakchou , Alejandro Mousist , Mounir Ghogho

The backpropagation algorithm remains the dominant and most successful method for training deep neural networks (DNNs). At the same time, training DNNs at scale comes at a significant computational cost and therefore a high carbon…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Sander Dalm , Joshua Offergeld , Nasir Ahmad , Marcel van Gerven

Residual neural networks (ResNets) are a promising class of deep neural networks that have shown excellent performance for a number of learning tasks, e.g., image classification and recognition. Mathematically, ResNet architectures can be…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-07-26 S. Günther , L. Ruthotto , J. B. Schroder , E. C. Cyr , N. R. Gauger

Scaling machine learning models significantly improves their performance. However, such gains come at the cost of inference being slow and resource-intensive. Early-exit neural networks (EENNs) offer a promising solution: they accelerate…

Deep Learning is becoming increasingly relevant in Embedded and Internet-of-things applications. However, deploying models on embedded devices poses a challenge due to their resource limitations. This can impact the model's inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Max Sponner , Lorenzo Servadei , Bernd Waschneck , Robert Wille , Akash Kumar

Deep neural networks have achieved great success both in computer vision and natural language processing tasks. However, mostly state-of-art methods highly rely on external training or computing to improve the performance. To alleviate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-25 Ming Yan , Xueli Xiao , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Yi Pan

The early layers of a deep neural net have the fewest parameters, but take up the most computation. In this extended abstract, we propose to only train the hidden layers for a set portion of the training run, freezing them out one-by-one…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-06-20 Andrew Brock , Theodore Lim , J. M. Ritchie , Nick Weston

Although deep feedforward neural networks share some characteristics with the primate visual system, a key distinction is their dynamics. Deep nets typically operate in serial stages wherein each layer completes its computation before…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-03 Michael L. Iuzzolino , Michael C. Mozer , Samy Bengio

Although deep learning has made strides in the field of deep noise suppression, leveraging deep architectures on resource-constrained devices still proved challenging. Therefore, we present an early-exiting model based on nsNet2 that…

The increasing complexity of deep learning architectures is resulting in training time requiring weeks or even months. This slow training is due in part to vanishing gradients, in which the gradients used by back-propagation are extremely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2015-10-16 Bharat Singh , Soham De , Yangmuzi Zhang , Thomas Goldstein , Gavin Taylor

Deep neural networks are powerful tools for solving nonlinear problems in science and engineering, but training highly accurate models becomes challenging as problem complexity increases. Non-convex optimization and sensitivity to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Ethan Mulle , Wei Kang , Qi Gong

DNNs are becoming less and less over-parametrised due to recent advances in efficient model design, through careful hand-crafted or NAS-based methods. Relying on the fact that not all inputs require the same amount of computation to yield a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Stefanos Laskaridis , Alexandros Kouris , Nicholas D. Lane

Radar sensors offer power-efficient solutions for always-on smart devices, but processing the data streams on resource-constrained embedded platforms remains challenging. This paper presents novel techniques that leverage the temporal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Max Sponner , Julius Ott , Lorenzo Servadei , Bernd Waschneck , Robert Wille , Akash Kumar

Deep neural networks demonstrate to have a high performance on image classification tasks while being more difficult to train. Due to the complexity and vanishing gradient problem, it normally takes a lot of time and more computational…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-05-02 Mohammad Sadegh Ebrahimi , Hossein Karkeh Abadi

This paper proposes a novel approach to train deep neural networks by unlocking the layer-wise dependency of backpropagation training. The approach employs additional modules called local critic networks besides the main network model to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-28 Hojung Lee , Jong-seok Lee

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are generally designed as sequentially cascaded differentiable blocks/layers with a prediction module connected only to its last layer. DNNs can be attached with prediction modules at multiple points along the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-21 Hari Narayan N U , Manjesh K. Hanawal , Avinash Bhardwaj