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Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is crucial when deploying deep neural networks in the real world to ensure the reliability and safety of their applications. One main challenge in OOD detection is that neural network models often produce…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Jinlun Ye , Zhuohao Sun , Yiqiao Qiu , Qiu Li , Zhijun Tan , Ruixuan Wang

The crux of effective out-of-distribution (OOD) detection lies in acquiring a robust in-distribution (ID) representation, distinct from OOD samples. While previous methods predominantly leaned on recognition-based techniques for this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Jingyao Li , Pengguang Chen , Shaozuo Yu , Shu Liu , Jiaya Jia

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) data is critical for machine learning, be it for safety reasons or to enable open-ended learning. However, beyond mere detection, choosing an appropriate course of action typically hinges on the type of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Achref Jaziri , Martin Rogmann , Martin Mundt , Visvanathan Ramesh

Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) detection has received broad attention over the years, aiming to ensure the reliability and safety of deep neural networks (DNNs) in real-world scenarios by rejecting incorrect predictions. However, we notice a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Yao Zhu , Yuefeng Chen , Xiaodan Li , Rong Zhang , Hui Xue , Xiang Tian , Rongxin Jiang , Bolun Zheng , Yaowu Chen

This paper introduces a novel approach to securing machine learning model deployments against potential distribution shifts in practical applications, the Total Variation Out-of-Distribution (TV-OOD) detection method. Existing methods have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Dabiao Ma , Zhiba Su , Jian Yang , Haojun Fei

It is important to quantify the uncertainty of input samples, especially in mission-critical domains such as autonomous driving and healthcare, where failure predictions on out-of-distribution (OOD) data are likely to cause big problems.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Yong Hyun Ahn , Gyeong-Moon Park , Seong Tae Kim

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is critical to ensuring the reliability and safety of machine learning systems. For instance, in autonomous driving, we would like the driving system to issue an alert and hand over the control to humans…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Jingkang Yang , Kaiyang Zhou , Yixuan Li , Ziwei Liu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is indispensable for deploying reliable machine learning systems in real-world scenarios. Recent works, using auxiliary outliers in training, have shown good potential. However, they seldom concern the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Yutian Lei , Luping Ji , Pei Liu

Detection of Out-of-Distribution (OOD) samples in real time is a crucial safety check for deployment of machine learning models in the medical field. Despite a growing number of uncertainty quantification techniques, there is a lack of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Karina Zadorozhny , Patrick Thoral , Paul Elbers , Giovanni Cinà

Deep neural networks for image classification only learn to map in-distribution inputs to their corresponding ground truth labels in training without differentiating out-of-distribution samples from in-distribution ones. This results from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Zhilin Zhao , Longbing Cao , Kun-Yu Lin

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a task that detects OOD samples during inference to ensure the safety of deployed models. However, conventional benchmarks have reached performance saturation, making it difficult to compare recent OOD…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Shiho Noda , Atsuyuki Miyai , Qing Yu , Go Irie , Kiyoharu Aizawa

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for the reliable and safe deployment of machine learning systems in the real world. Great progress has been made over the past years. This paper presents the first review of recent advances…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-29 Hao Lang , Yinhe Zheng , Yixuan Li , Jian Sun , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li

Deep generative models (DGMs) seem a natural fit for detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs, but such models have been shown to assign higher probabilities or densities to OOD images than images from the training distribution. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-20 Lily H. Zhang , Mark Goldstein , Rajesh Ranganath

When deploying a trained machine learning model in the real world, it is inevitable to receive inputs from out-of-distribution (OOD) sources. For instance, in continual learning settings, it is common to encounter OOD samples due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Chuanwen Feng , Wenlong Chen , Ao Ke , Yilong Ren , Xike Xie , S. Kevin Zhou

A key feature of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is to exploit a trained neural network by extracting statistical patterns and relationships through the multi-layer classifier to detect shifts in the expected input data distribution.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Eduardo Dadalto , Pierre Colombo , Guillaume Staerman , Nathan Noiry , Pablo Piantanida

Out-of-distribution (OoD) inputs pose a persistent challenge to deep learning models, often triggering overconfident predictions on non-target objects. While prior work has primarily focused on refining scoring functions and adjusting…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Changshun Wu , Weicheng He , Chih-Hong Cheng , Xiaowei Huang , Saddek Bensalem

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task in machine learning that seeks to identify abnormal samples. Traditionally, unsupervised methods utilize a deep generative model for OOD detection. However, such approaches require a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Alvin Heng , Alexandre H. Thiery , Harold Soh

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is the problem of identifying inputs which are unrelated to the in-distribution task. The OOD detection performance when the in-distribution (ID) is ImageNet-1K is commonly being tested on a small range…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Julian Bitterwolf , Maximilian Müller , Matthias Hein

This thesis makes considerable contributions to the realm of machine learning, specifically in the context of open-world scenarios where systems face previously unseen data and contexts. Traditional machine learning models are usually…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Yiyou Sun

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is a critical safeguard for deploying machine learning models in the real world. However, most post-hoc detection methods operate on penultimate feature representations derived from global average…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Abid Hassan , Tuan Ngo , Saad Shafiq , Nenad Medvidovic
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