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This paper presents TEVR, a speech recognition model designed to minimize the variation in token entropy w.r.t. to the language model. This takes advantage of the fact that if the language model will reliably and accurately predict a token…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-06-28 Hajo Nils Krabbenhöft , Erhardt Barth

Fluctuations in parameters that are typically treated as fixed play a crucial role in the behavior of complex systems. However, to date, we lack a general non-equilibrium thermodynamic treatment of such a complex system. In this Letter, to…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-03-31 Tuan Pham , Deepak Gupta

Selective prediction systems can mitigate harms resulting from language model hallucinations by abstaining from answering in high-risk cases. Uncertainty quantification techniques are often employed to identify such cases, but are rarely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Edward Phillips , Fredrik K. Gustafsson , Sean Wu , Anshul Thakur , David A. Clifton

In recent years, research on learning with noisy labels has focused on devising novel algorithms that can achieve robustness to noisy training labels while generalizing to clean data. These algorithms often incorporate sophisticated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Hui Kang , Sheng Liu , Huaxi Huang , Jun Yu , Bo Han , Dadong Wang , Tongliang Liu

Given a sequence composed of a limit number of characters, we try to "read" it as a "text". This involves to segment the sequence into "words". The difficulty is to distinguish good segmentation from enormous number of random ones.Aiming at…

Biological Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 Bin Wang

Machine learning is the dominant approach to artificial intelligence, through which computers learn from data and experience. In the framework of supervised learning, a necessity for a computer to learn from data accurately and efficiently…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-01-25 Amir R. Asadi

Ensemble methods are known for enhancing the accuracy and robustness of machine learning models by combining multiple base learners. However, standard approaches like greedy or random ensembling often fall short, as they assume a constant…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Sebastian Pineda Arango , Maciej Janowski , Lennart Purucker , Arber Zela , Frank Hutter , Josif Grabocka

Prior knowledge and symbolic rules in machine learning are often expressed in the form of label constraints, especially in structured prediction problems. In this work, we compare two common strategies for encoding label constraints in a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Kaifu Wang , Hangfeng He , Tin D. Nguyen , Piyush Kumar , Dan Roth

We describe an approach to improving model fitting and model generalization that considers the entropy of distributions of modelling residuals. We use simple simulations to demonstrate the observational signatures of overfitting on ordered…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-08-05 Barnaby Rowe

We show that the effectiveness of the well celebrated Mixup [Zhang et al., 2018] can be further improved if instead of using it as the sole learning objective, it is utilized as an additional regularizer to the standard cross-entropy loss.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Francesco Pinto , Harry Yang , Ser-Nam Lim , Philip H. S. Torr , Puneet K. Dokania

Estimating the ratio of two probability densities from finitely many samples, is a central task in machine learning and statistics. In this work, we show that a large class of kernel methods for density ratio estimation suffers from error…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Lukas Gruber , Markus Holzleitner , Johannes Lehner , Sepp Hochreiter , Werner Zellinger

In this paper will be presented new approach to entropy coding: family of generalizations of standard numeral systems which are optimal for encoding sequence of equiprobable symbols, into asymmetric numeral systems - optimal for freely…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2009-05-21 Jarek Duda

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in generating programs from natural language descriptions, yet ensuring their correctness without an external oracle remains a critical challenge. To solve the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yunxiang Wei , Tianlin Li , Yuwei Zheng , Yanni Dong , Aishan Liu , Qiang Hu , Xiaoyu Zhang , Mingfei Cheng , Jian Yang

Uncertainty representation and quantification are paramount in machine learning and constitute an important prerequisite for safety-critical applications. In this paper, we propose novel measures for the quantification of aleatoric and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Paul Hofman , Yusuf Sale , Eyke Hüllermeier

The average uncertainty associated with words is an information-theoretic concept at the heart of quantitative and computational linguistics. The entropy has been established as a measure of this average uncertainty - also called average…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-06-23 Christian Bentz , Dimitrios Alikaniotis

Measuring performance of an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system without ground-truth could be beneficial in many scenarios, especially with data from unseen domains, where performance can be highly inconsistent. In conventional ASR…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-11 Ruizhi Li , Gregory Sell , Hynek Hermansky

Probabilistic embeddings have several advantages over deterministic embeddings as they map each data point to a distribution, which better describes the uncertainty and complexity of data. Many works focus on adjusting the distribution…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Xiang Huang , Hao Peng , Li Sun , Hui Lin , Chunyang Liu , Jiang Cao , Philip S. Yu

Feature attribution methods such as SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) have become instrumental in understanding machine learning models, but their role in guiding model optimization remains underexplored. In this paper, we propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Amal Saadallah

Problems of probabilistic inference and decision making under uncertainty commonly involve continuous random variables. Often these are discretized to a few points, to simplify assessments and computations. An alternative approximation is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-03-08 William B. Poland , Ross D. Shachter

Entropy rate of sequential data-streams naturally quantifies the complexity of the generative process. Thus entropy rate fluctuations could be used as a tool to recognize dynamical perturbations in signal sources, and could potentially be…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-03-24 Ishanu Chattopadhyay , Hod Lipson