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Since 2016, sharding has become an auspicious solution to tackle the scalability issue in legacy blockchain systems. Despite its potential to strongly boost the blockchain throughput, sharding comes with its own security issues. To ease the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Truc Nguyen , My T. Thai

Blockchain technology offers decentralization and security but struggles with scalability, particularly in enterprise settings where efficiency and controlled access are paramount. Sharding is a promising solution for private blockchains,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-09 M. Z. Haider , M. Dias de Assuncao , Kaiwen Zhang

Proto-Danksharding, proposed in Ethereum Improvement Proposal 4844 (EIP-4844), aims to incrementally improve the scalability of the Ethereum blockchain by introducing a new type of transaction known as blob-carrying transactions. These…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Pourya Soltani , Farid Ashtiani

The development of blockchain applications increased the demand for blockchain performance. Among the attempts of many blockchain scale-out solutions, sharding can improve performance and reduce the storage requirements of each node.…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-07-08 Jia Kan , Jie Zhang , Xin Huang

Blockchain technology has become one of the most popular trends in IT over the last few years. Its increasing popularity and the discovery of ever more use cases raises the question of how to improve scalability. While researchers are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Ole Delzer , Ingo Weber , Richard Hobeck , Stefan Schulte

Scalability is a common issue among the most used permissionless blockchains, and several approaches have been proposed accordingly. As Ethereum is set to be a solid foundation for a decentralized Internet web, the need for tackling…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Mikel Cortes-Goicoechea , Luca Franceschini , Leonardo Bautista-Gomez

Blockchain offers a decentralized, immutable, transparent system of records. It offers a peer-to-peer network of nodes with no centralised governing entity making it unhackable and therefore, more secure than the traditional paper-based or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Harsh Jot Singh , Abdelhakim Senhaji Hafid

Consensus protocols are currently the bottlenecks that prevent blockchain systems from scaling. However, we argue that transaction execution is also important to the performance and security of blockchains. In other words, there are ample…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-07-15 Daniël Reijsbergen , Tien Tuan Anh Dinh

Sharding is a prominent technique for scaling blockchains. By dividing the network into smaller components known as shards, a sharded blockchain can process transactions in parallel without introducing inconsistencies through the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Jianting Zhang , Wuhui Chen , Sifu Luo , Tiantian Gong , Zicong Hong , Aniket Kate

In this paper, we present a pricing mechanism that aligns incentives of agents who exchange resources on a decentralized ledger with the goal of maximizing transaction throughput. Subdividing a blockchain ledger into shards promises to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-02 James R. Riehl , Jonathan Ward

Decentralized resource markets are Web 3.0 applications that build open-access platforms for trading digital resources among users without any central management. They promise cost reduction, transparency, and flexible service provision.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Mohamed E. Najd , Ghada Almashaqbeh

Throughput limitations of existing blockchain architectures are one of the most significant hurdles for their wide-spread adoption. Attempts to address this challenge include layer-2 solutions, such as Bitcoin's Lightning or Ethereum's…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-09-13 Alexander Hentschel , Dieter Shirley , Layne Lafrance

Sharding distributed ledgers is a promising on-chain solution for scaling blockchains but lacks formal grounds, nurturing skepticism on whether such complex systems can scale blockchains securely. We fill this gap by introducing the first…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-05-23 Georgia Avarikioti , Antoine Desjardins , Eleftherios Kokoris-Kogias , Roger Wattenhofer

Distributed, transactional storage systems scale by sharding data across servers. However, workload-induced hotspots result in contention, leading to higher abort rates and performance degradation. We present KAIROS, a transactional…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-10 Pulkit A. Misra , Srihari Radhakrishnan , Jeffrey S. Chase , Johannes Gehrke , Alvin R. Lebeck

The untraceability of transactions facilitated by Ethereum mixing services like Tornado Cash poses significant challenges to blockchain security and financial regulation. Existing methods for correlating mixing accounts suffer from limited…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Zheng Che , Taoyu Li , Meng Shen , Hanbiao Du , Liehuang Zhu

Sharding has emerged as a critical solution to address the scalability challenges faced by blockchain networks, enabling them to achieve higher transaction throughput, reduced latency, and optimized resource usage. This paper investigates…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ziwei Wang , Cong Wu , Paolo Tasca

Low transaction throughput and poor scalability are significant issues in public blockchain consensus protocols such as Bitcoins. Recent research efforts in this direction have proposed shard-based consensus protocols where the key idea is…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Mohammad Hossein Manshaei , Murtuza Jadliwala , Anindya Maiti , Mahdi Fooladgar

As transaction fees skyrocket today, blockchains become increasingly expensive, hurting their adoption in broader applications. This work tackles the saving of transaction fees for economic blockchain applications. The key insight is that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Yibo Wang , Yuzhe Tang

Blockchain technology facilitates the development of decentralized systems that ensure trust and transparency without the need for expensive centralized intermediaries. However, existing blockchain architectures particularly consortium…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Qi Xia , Hu Xia , Isaac Amankona Obiri , Adjei-Arthur Bonsu , Grace Mupoyi Ntuala , Ansu Badjie , Tienin Bole Wilfried , Jiaqin Liu , Lan Ma , Jianbin Gao , Feng Yao

Blockchain like Bitcoin and Ethereum suffer from scalability issues. Sharding is one of the most promising and leading solutions to scale blockchain. The basic idea behind sharding is to divide the blockchain network into multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-16 Hafid Abdelatif , Senhaji Hafid Abdelhakim , Samih Mustapha