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Soft robots achieve functionality through tight coupling among geometry, material composition, and actuation. As a result, effective design optimization requires these three aspects to be considered jointly rather than in isolation. This…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Vittorio Candiello , Manuel Mekkattu , Mike Y. Michelis , Robert K. Katzschmann

Evolution sculpts both the body plans and nervous systems of agents together over time. In contrast, in AI and robotics, a robot's body plan is usually designed by hand, and control policies are then optimized for that fixed design. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-12-14 Nick Cheney , Josh Bongard , Vytas SunSpiral , Hod Lipson

Soft robotics is a rapidly growing area of robotics research that would benefit greatly from design automation, given the challenges of manually engineering complex, compliant, and generally non-intuitive robot body plans and behaviors. It…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-06-19 Alican Mertan , Nick Cheney

Robots operating in the real world will experience a range of different environments and tasks. It is essential for the robot to have the ability to adapt to its surroundings to work efficiently in changing conditions. Evolutionary robotics…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Tønnes F. Nygaard , Charles P. Martin , David Howard , Jim Torresen , Kyrre Glette

Humanoid robots, as general-purpose physical agents, must integrate both intelligent control and adaptive morphology to operate effectively in diverse real-world environments. While recent research has focused primarily on optimizing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Guiliang Liu , Bo Yue , Yi Jin Kim , Kui Jia

Two major goals in machine learning are the discovery and improvement of solutions to complex problems. In this paper, we argue that complexification, i.e. the incremental elaboration of solutions through adding new structure, achieves both…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2011-07-04 R. Miikkulainen , K. O. Stanley

Soft robots have gained significant attention due to their flexibility and safety, particularly in human-centric applications. The co-design of structure and controller in soft robotics has presented a longstanding challenge owing to the…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-07-15 Yuki Sato , Changyoung Yuhn , Hiroki Kobayashi , Atsushi Kawamoto , Tsuyoshi Nomura

We generalize the well-studied problem of gait learning in modular robots in two dimensions. Firstly, we address locomotion in a given target direction that goes beyond learning a typical undirected gait. Secondly, rather than studying one…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-01-23 Gongjin Lan , Matteo De Carlo , Fuda van Diggelen , Jakub M. Tomczak , Diederik M. Roijers , A. E. Eiben

The complexity of a legged robot's environment or task can inform how specialised its gait must be to ensure success. Evolving specialised robotic gaits demands many evaluations - acceptable for computer simulations, but not for physical…

Robotics · Computer Science 2019-02-13 Tønnes Frostad Nygaard , Charles Patrick Martin , Jim Torresen , Kyrre Glette

When controllers (brains) and morphologies (bodies) of robots simultaneously evolve, this can lead to a problem, namely the brain & body mismatch problem. In this research, we propose a solution of lifetime learning. We set up a system…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Jie Luo , Daan Zeeuwe , Agoston E. Eiben

Surrogate-assistance approaches have long been used in computationally expensive domains to improve the data-efficiency of optimization algorithms. Neuroevolution, however, has so far resisted the application of these techniques because it…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-04-18 Adam Gaier , Alexander Asteroth , Jean-Baptiste Mouret

Neuroevolution is a process of training neural networks (NN) through an evolutionary algorithm, usually to serve as a state-to-action mapping model in control or reinforcement learning-type problems. This paper builds on the Neuro Evolution…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-03-19 Amir Behjat , Sharat Chidambaran , Souma Chowdhury

We introduce a novel co-design method for autonomous moving agents' shape attributes and locomotion by combining deep reinforcement learning and evolution with user control. Our main inspiration comes from evolution, which has led to wide…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Zhiquan Wang , Bedrich Benes , Ahmed H. Qureshi , Christos Mousas

This paper investigates the development of high-performance racing controllers for a newly implemented racing mode within the Xpilot-AI platform, utilizing the Neuro Evolution of Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) algorithm. By leveraging NEAT's…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-21 Jim O'Connor , Nicholas Lorentzen , Gary B. Parker , Derin Gezgin

This work aims to develop a resource-efficient solution for obstacle-avoiding tracking control of a planar snake robot in a densely cluttered environment with obstacles. Particularly, Neuro-Evolution of Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) has been…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Advik Sinha , Akshay Arjun , Abhijit Das , Joyjit Mukherjee

Different subsystems of organisms adapt over many time scales, such as rapid changes in the nervous system (learning), slower morphological and neurological change over the lifetime of the organism (postnatal development), and change over…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2017-07-28 Sam Kriegman , Nick Cheney , Francesco Corucci , Josh C. Bongard

Contemporary sensorimotor learning approaches typically start with an existing complex agent (e.g., a robotic arm), which they learn to control. In contrast, this paper investigates a modular co-evolution strategy: a collection of primitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-25 Deepak Pathak , Chris Lu , Trevor Darrell , Phillip Isola , Alexei A. Efros

Robot co-design, where the morphology of a robot is optimized jointly with a learned policy to solve a specific task, is an emerging area of research. It holds particular promise for soft robots, which are amenable to novel manufacturing…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Suning Huang , Boyuan Chen , Huazhe Xu , Vincent Sitzmann

We present a scalable framework for cross-embodiment humanoid robot control by learning a shared latent representation that unifies motion across humans and diverse humanoid platforms, including single-arm, dual-arm, and legged humanoid…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Yashuai Yan , Dongheui Lee

For robots to handle the numerous factors that can affect them in the real world, they must adapt to changes and unexpected events. Evolutionary robotics tries to solve some of these issues by automatically optimizing a robot for a specific…

Robotics · Computer Science 2018-05-10 Tønnes F. Nygaard , Charles P. Martin , Eivind Samuelsen , Jim Torresen , Kyrre Glette