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Large-scale quantum networks with thousands of nodes require scalable network protocols and physical hardware to realize. In this work, we introduce packet switching as a new paradigm for quantum data transmission in both future and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-17 Stephen DiAdamo , Bing Qi , Glen Miller , Ramana Kompella , Alireza Shabani

Concerted efforts are underway to establish an infrastructure for a global quantum internet to realise a spectrum of quantum technologies. This will enable more precise sensors, secure communications, and faster data processing. Quantum…

Quantum repeaters create long-distance entanglement between quantum systems while overcoming difficulties such as the attenuation of single photons in a fiber. Recently, an implementation of a repeater protocol based on single qubits in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-03 L. Jiang , J. M. Taylor , M. D. Lukin

Quantum communications promise to revolutionise the way information is exchanged and protected. Unlike their classical counterpart, they are based on dim optical pulses that cannot be amplified by conventional optical repeaters.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-07 M. Minder , M. Pittaluga , G. L. Roberts , M. Lucamarini , J. F. Dynes , Z. L. Yuan , A. J. Shields

Quantum communication enables a host of applications that cannot be achieved by classical communication means, with provably secure communication as one of the prime examples. The distance that quantum communication schemes can cover via…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-12 Sebastiaan Brand , Tim Coopmans , David Elkouss

Quantum key repeater is the backbone of the future Quantum Internet. It is an open problem to determine, for an arbitrary mixed bipartite state shared between the stations of a quantum key repeater, how much key can be generated between its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Leonard Sikorski , Karol Horodecki , Łukasz Pawela

Quantum communication represents a revolutionary advancement over classical information theory, which leverages unique quantum mechanics properties like entanglement to achieve unprecedented capabilities in secure and efficient information…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Amit Kumar Bhuyan , Hrishikesh Dutta

A potential quantum internet would open up the possibility of realizing numerous new applications, including provably secure communication. Since losses of photons limit long-distance, direct quantum communication and widespread quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-12-18 Daniel Miller , Timo Holz , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

Global scale quantum communication links will form the backbone of the quantum internet. However, exponential loss in optical fibres precludes any realistic application beyond few hundred kilometres. Quantum repeaters and space-based…

Quantum communications have progressed significantly, moving from a theoretical concept to small-scale experiments to recent metropolitan-scale demonstrations. As the technology matures, it is expected to revolutionize quantum computing in…

We propose a quantum repeater protocol and architecture that mitigates decoherence of the entangled states by optimizing the quantum memory buffer time. The protocol maximizes the rate of distillable entanglement in the average accessed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-21 Siddhartha Santra , Liang Jiang , Vladimir Malinovsky

A quantum repeater node is presented based on trapped ions that act as single photon emitters, quantum memories and an elementary quantum processor. The node's ability to establish entanglement across two 25 km-long optical fibers…

All-photonic quantum repeaters are essential for establishing long-range quantum entanglement. Within repeater nodes, reliably performing entanglement swapping is a key component of scalable quantum communication. To tackle the challenge of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-14 Bikun Li , Kenneth Goodenough , Filip Rozpędek , Liang Jiang

A global quantum repeater network involving satellite-based links is likely to have advantages over fiber-based networks in terms of long-distance communication, since the photon losses in free space scale only polynomially with the…

A full-fledged quantum network relies on the formation of entangled links between remote location with the help of quantum repeaters. The famous Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller quantum repeater protocol is based on long distance single-photon…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-27 Chen-Long Li. Hua-Lei Yin , Zeng-Bing Chen

Quantum repeater is one of the important building blocks for long distance quantum communication network. The previous quantum repeaters based on atomic ensembles and linear optical elements can only be performed with a maximal success…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-11-03 Tao Li , Fu-Guo Deng

Long-distance quantum communication via entanglement distribution is of great importance for the quantum internet. However, scaling up to such long distances has proved challenging due to the loss of photons, which grows exponentially with…

The second quantum revolution brings with it the promise of a quantum internet. As the first quantum network hardware prototypes near completion new challenges emerge. A functional network is more than just the physical hardware, yet work…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Wojciech Kozlowski , Axel Dahlberg , Stephanie Wehner

The quantum repeater cell is a basic building block for a quantum network, as it allows to overcome the distance limitations due to unavoidable fiber loss in direct transmission. We demonstrate the implementation of a quantum repeater cell,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-04 Max Bergerhoff , Omar Elshehy , Stephan Kucera , Matthias Kreis , Jürgen Eschner

Long-distance quantum communication requires reliable entanglement distribution, but direct generation with protocols such as Barrett--Kok suffers from exponentially decreasing success probability with distance, making it impractical over…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-10 Wenhan Li , Shiyu Zhang