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Machine Learning (ML)-enabled systems challenge traditional Requirements Engineering (RE) and agile management due to data dependence, experimentation, and uncertain model behavior. Existing RE and agile practices remain poorly integrated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Lucas Romao , Luiz Xavier , Júlia Condé Araújo , Marina Condé Araújo , Ariane Rodrigues , Marcos Kalinowski

Although AI is transforming the world, there are serious concerns about its ability to behave and make decisions responsibly. Many ethical regulations, principles, and frameworks for responsible AI have been issued recently. However, they…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Qinghua Lu , Liming Zhu , Xiwei Xu , Jon Whittle , Zhenchang Xing

High-quality data annotation requirements are crucial for the development of safe and reliable AI-enabled perception systems (AIePS) in autonomous driving. Although these requirements play a vital role in reducing bias and enhancing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Hina Saeeda , Mazen Mohamad , Eric Knauss , Jennifer Horkoff , Ali Nouri

Machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) approaches are often criticized for their inherent bias and for their lack of control, accountability, and transparency. Consequently, regulatory bodies struggle with containing this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-06 Benjamin Roth , Pedro Henrique Luz de Araujo , Yuxi Xia , Saskia Kaltenbrunner , Christoph Korab

Complying with the EU AI Act (AIA) guidelines while developing and implementing AI systems will soon be mandatory within the EU. However, practitioners lack actionable instructions to operationalise ethics during AI systems development. A…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Krishna Ronanki , Beatriz Cabrero-Daniel , Jennifer Horkoff , Christian Berger

Background: Driving automation systems (DAS), including autonomous driving and advanced driver assistance, are an important safety-critical domain. DAS often incorporate perceptions systems that use machine learning (ML) to analyze the…

Requirements engineering (RE) activities for machine learning (ML) are not well-established and researched in the literature. Many issues and challenges exist when specifying, designing, and developing ML-enabled systems. Adding more focus…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-27 Hugo Villamizar , Marcos Kalinowski , Helio lopes

Requirements Engineering Methods (REMs) support Requirements Engineering (RE) tasks, from elicitation, through modeling and analysis, to validation and evolution of requirements. Despite the growing interest to design, validate and teach…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2012-03-09 Ivan Jureta

Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools for automating design artifact generation are increasingly used in Requirements Engineering (RE) to transform textual requirements into structured diagrams and models. While these AI tools, particularly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Syed Tauhid Ullah Shah , Mohammad Hussein , Ann Barcomb , Mohammad Moshirpour

This short paper explores how a maritime company develops and integrates large-language models (LLM). Specifically by looking at the requirements engineering for Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) systems in expert settings. Through a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Tor Sporsem , Rasmus Ulfsnes

In recent years Open Innovation (OI) has gained much attention and made firms aware that they need to consider the open environment surrounding them. To facilitate this shift Requirements Engineering (RE) needs to be adapted in order to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-04 Johan Linåker , Björn Regnell , Hussan Munir

Requirements Engineering (RE) plays a pivotal role in software development, encompassing tasks such as requirements elicitation, analysis, specification, and change management. Despite its critical importance, RE faces challenges including…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Malik Abdul Sami , Muhammad Waseem , Zheying Zhang , Zeeshan Rasheed , Kari Systä , Pekka Abrahamsson

Growing concerns around the trustworthiness of AI-enabled systems highlight the role of requirements engineering (RE) in addressing emergent, context-dependent properties that are difficult to specify without structured approaches. In this…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Hugo Villamizar , Daniel Mendez , Marcos Kalinowski

Contemporary software systems (CSS), such as the internet of things (IoT) based software systems, incorporate new concerns and characteristics inherent to the network, software, hardware, context awareness, interoperability, and others,…

AI systems cannot exist without data. Now that AI models (data science and AI) have matured and are readily available to apply in practice, most organizations struggle with the data infrastructure to do so. There is a growing need for data…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2024-02-09 Petra Heck

Many of the requirements engineering (RE) difficulties have been argued to be due to the evolving nature of design problems in dynamic environments, characterized by high levels of uncertainty, ambiguity and emergence. It has also been…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-03-26 Sami Jantunen , Rex Dumdum , Donald C. Gause

Many modern software-intensive systems employ artificial intelligence / machine-learning (AI/ML) components and are, thus, inherently data-centric. The behaviour of such systems depends on typically large amounts of data processed at…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-10 Tatiana Chuprina , Daniel Mendez , Krzysztof Wnuk

With the increasing significance of Research, Technology, and Innovation (RTI) policies in recent years, the demand for detailed information about the performance of these sectors has surged. Many of the current tools are limited in their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Alexandra Mazak-Huemer , Christian Huemer , Michael Vierhauser , Jürgen Janger

Context and motivation: With the rapid advancement of AI technologies, there is an increasing need to understand how AI can be effectively integrated into RE processes. In recent years, several studies have explored the potential and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Anne Hess , Andreas Vogelsang , Xavier Franch , Andrea Herrmann , Sylwia Kopczyńska , Alexander Rachmann

Over the past ten years, the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in engineering domains has gained significant popularity, showcasing their potential in data-driven contexts. However, the complexity and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Jay Lee , Hanqi Su , Dai-Yan Ji , Takanobu Minami