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Language models serve as a cornerstone in natural language processing (NLP), utilizing mathematical methods to generalize language laws and knowledge for prediction and generation. Over extensive research spanning decades, language modeling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Zichong Wang , Zhibo Chu , Thang Viet Doan , Shiwen Ni , Min Yang , Wenbin Zhang

Human decision-making belongs to the foundation of our society and civilization, but we are on the verge of a future where much of it will be delegated to artificial intelligence. The arrival of Large Language Models (LLMs) has transformed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Hao Li , Gengrui Zhang , Petter Holme , Shuyue Hu , Zhen Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) possess substantial reasoning capabilities and are increasingly applied to optimization tasks, particularly in synergy with evolutionary computation. However, while recent surveys have explored specific aspects…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Yisong Zhang , Ran Cheng , Guoxing Yi , Kay Chen Tan

Large Language Models (LLMs) with reasoning capabilities have achieved state-of-the-art performance on a wide range of tasks. Despite its empirical success, the tasks and model scales at which reasoning becomes effective, as well as its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Nicolas Boizard , Hippolyte Gisserot-Boukhlef , Kevin El-Haddad , Céline Hudelot , Pierre Colombo

Reasoning lies at the heart of intelligence, shaping the ability to make decisions, draw conclusions, and generalize across domains. In artificial intelligence, as systems increasingly operate in open, uncertain, and multimodal…

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive reasoning abilities through test-time computation (TTC) techniques such as chain-of-thought prompting and tree-based reasoning. However, we argue that current reasoning LLMs (RLLMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Jiahao Lu , Ziwei Xu , Mohan Kankanhalli

Analogical reasoning, particularly in multimodal contexts, is the foundation of human perception and creativity. Multimodal Large Language Model (MLLM) has recently sparked considerable discussion due to its emergent capabilities. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Diandian Guo , Cong Cao , Fangfang Yuan , Dakui Wang , Wei Ma , Yanbing Liu , Jianhui Fu

This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the latest research on multilingual large language models (MLLMs). MLLMs not only are able to understand and generate language across linguistic boundaries, but also represent an important…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Shaolin Zhu , Supryadi , Shaoyang Xu , Haoran Sun , Leiyu Pan , Menglong Cui , Jiangcun Du , Renren Jin , António Branco , Deyi Xiong

This paper investigates the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in formulating and solving decision-making problems using mathematical programming. We first conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of recent literature to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Mohammad J. Abdel-Rahman , Yasmeen Alslman , Dania Refai , Amro Saleh , Malik A. Abu Loha , Mohammad Yahya Hamed

Large language models (LLMs) are the result of a massive experiment in bottom-up, data-driven reverse engineering of language at scale. Despite their utility in a number of downstream NLP tasks, ample research has shown that LLMs are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Walid S. Saba

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable progress in reasoning across diverse domains. However, effective reasoning in real-world tasks requires adapting the reasoning strategy to the demands of the problem, ranging from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Xinda Jia , Jinpeng Li , Zezhong Wang , Jingjing Li , Xingshan Zeng , Yasheng Wang , Weinan Zhang , Yong Yu , Weiwen Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated amazing capabilities in language generation, text comprehension, and knowledge reasoning. While a single powerful model can already handle multiple tasks, relying on a single perspective can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Zining Qin , Chenhao Wang , Huiling Qin , Weijia Jia

Planning represents a fundamental capability of intelligent agents, requiring comprehensive environmental understanding, rigorous logical reasoning, and effective sequential decision-making. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Pengfei Cao , Tianyi Men , Wencan Liu , Jingwen Zhang , Xuzhao Li , Xixun Lin , Dianbo Sui , Yanan Cao , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Normative reasoning is a type of reasoning that involves normative or deontic modality, such as obligation and permission. While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across various reasoning tasks, their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Kentaro Ozeki , Risako Ando , Takanobu Morishita , Hirohiko Abe , Koji Mineshima , Mitsuhiro Okada

This survey paper outlines the key developments in the field of Large Language Models (LLMs), including enhancements to their reasoning skills, adaptability to various tasks, increased computational efficiency, and the ability to make…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Asifullah Khan , Muhammad Zaeem Khan , Aleesha Zainab , Saleha Jamshed , Sadia Ahmad , Kaynat Khatib , Faria Bibi , Abdul Rehman

This paper investigates the ability of large language models (LLMs) to solve statistical tasks, as well as their capacity to assess the quality of reasoning. While state-of-the-art LLMs have demonstrated remarkable performance in a range of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Crish Nagarkar , Leonid Bogachev , Serge Sharoff

Mathematical reasoning and optimization are fundamental to artificial intelligence and computational problem-solving. Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly improved AI-driven mathematical reasoning, theorem…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Ali Forootani

Large language models (LLMs) with billions of parameters exhibit in-context learning abilities, enabling few-shot learning on tasks that the model was not specifically trained for. Traditional models achieve breakthrough performance on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Aske Plaat , Annie Wong , Suzan Verberne , Joost Broekens , Niki van Stein , Thomas Back

The reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) are becoming a central focus of study in NLP. In this paper, we consider the case of syllogistic reasoning, an area of deductive reasoning studied extensively in logic and cognitive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-18 Leonardo Bertolazzi , Albert Gatt , Raffaella Bernardi

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent a class of deep learning models adept at understanding natural language and generating coherent responses to various prompts or queries. These models far exceed the complexity of conventional neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Minghao Shao , Abdul Basit , Ramesh Karri , Muhammad Shafique
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