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We review the current state of automatic differentiation (AD) for array programming in machine learning (ML), including the different approaches such as operator overloading (OO) and source transformation (ST) used for AD, graph-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-04 Bart van Merriënboer , Olivier Breuleux , Arnaud Bergeron , Pascal Lamblin

We study the correctness of automatic differentiation (AD) in the context of a higher-order, Turing-complete language (PCF with real numbers), both in forward and reverse mode. Our main result is that, under mild hypotheses on the primitive…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-01-13 Damiano Mazza , Michele Pagani

Optimizing the expected values of probabilistic processes is a central problem in computer science and its applications, arising in fields ranging from artificial intelligence to operations research to statistical computing. Unfortunately,…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Alexander K. Lew , Mathieu Huot , Sam Staton , Vikash K. Mansinghka

Simulation-based optimization using agent-based models is typically carried out under the assumption that the gradient describing the sensitivity of the simulation output to the input cannot be evaluated directly. To still apply…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Philipp Andelfinger

We present semantic correctness proofs of forward-mode Automatic Differentiation (AD) for languages with sources of partiality such as partial operations, lazy conditionals on real parameters, iteration, and term and type recursion. We…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Matthijs Vákár

No single Automatic Differentiation (AD) system is the optimal choice for all problems. This means informed selection of an AD system and combinations can be a problem-specific variable that can greatly impact performance. In the Julia…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2022-02-08 Frank Schäfer , Mohamed Tarek , Lyndon White , Chris Rackauckas

Building on the observation that reverse-mode automatic differentiation (AD) -- a generalisation of backpropagation -- can naturally be expressed as pullbacks of differential 1-forms, we design a simple higher-order programming language…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-02-20 Carol Mak , Luke Ong

In scientific computation, it is often necessary to calculate higher-order derivatives of a function. Currently, two primary methods for higher-order automatic differentiation exist: symbolic differentiation and algorithmic automatic…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-06-03 He Zhang

Derivative computation is a key component of optimization, sensitivity analysis, uncertainty quantification, and nonlinear solvers. Automatic differentiation (AD) is a powerful technique for evaluating such derivatives, and in recent years,…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Kim Liegeois , Brian Kelley , Eric Phipps , Sivasankaran Rajamanickam , Vassil Vassilev

We propose extensions to Fortran which integrate forward and reverse Automatic Differentiation (AD) directly into the programming model. Irrespective of implementation technology, embedding AD constructs directly into the language extends…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2012-03-09 Alexey Radul , Barak A. Pearlmutter , Jeffrey Mark Siskind

Algorithmic differentiation (AD) has become increasingly capable and straightforward to use. However, AD is inefficient when applied directly to solvers, a feature of most engineering analyses. We can leverage implicit differentiation to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-06-28 Andrew Ning , Taylor McDonnell

Automatic differentiation (AD) is an essential primitive for machine learning programming systems. Tangent is a new library that performs AD using source code transformation (SCT) in Python. It takes numeric functions written in a syntactic…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2017-11-09 Bart van Merriënboer , Alexander B. Wiltschko , Dan Moldovan

Automatic differentiation (AD) has been a topic of interest for researchers in many disciplines, with increased popularity since its application to machine learning and neural networks. Although many researchers appreciate and know how to…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Birthe van den Berg , Tom Schrijvers , James McKinna , Alexander Vandenbroucke

A large class of non-smooth practical optimization problems can be written as minimization of a sum of smooth and partly smooth functions. We examine such structured problems which also depend on a parameter vector and study the problem of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-10-28 Sheheryar Mehmood , Peter Ochs

Derivative-based algorithms are ubiquitous in statistics, machine learning, and applied mathematics. Automatic differentiation offers an algorithmic way to efficiently evaluate these derivatives from computer programs that execute relevant…

Computation · Statistics 2022-03-01 Charles C. Margossian , Michael Betancourt

The application of operator overloading algorithmic differentiation (AD) to computer programs in order to compute the derivative is quite common. But, the replacement of the underlying computational floating point type with the specialized…

Mathematical Software · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Max Sagebaum , Nicolas R. Gauger

We give a simple, direct and reusable logical relations technique for languages with term and type recursion and partially defined differentiable functions. We demonstrate it by working out the case of Automatic Differentiation (AD)…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Fernando Lucatelli Nunes , Matthijs Vákár

The standard dual-numbers construction works well for forward-mode automatic differentiation (AD) and is attractive due to its simplicity; recently, it also has been adapted to reverse-mode AD, but practical performance, especially on array…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Tom Smeding , Mikołaj Konarski , Simon Peyton Jones , Andrew Fitzgibbon

Many engineering problems involve learning hidden dynamics from indirect observations, where the physical processes are described by systems of partial differential equations (PDE). Gradient-based optimization methods are considered…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2019-12-17 Kailai Xu , Dongzhuo Li , Eric Darve , Jerry M. Harris

Where dual-numbers forward-mode automatic differentiation (AD) pairs each scalar value with its tangent value, dual-numbers reverse-mode AD attempts to achieve reverse AD using a similarly simple idea: by pairing each scalar value with a…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Tom Smeding , Matthijs Vákár