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Frame of Reference (FoR) is a fundamental concept in spatial reasoning that humans utilize to comprehend and describe space. With the rapid progress in Multimodal Language models, the moment has come to integrate this long-overlooked…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Tanawan Premsri , Parisa Kordjamshidi

Large-scale diffusion models have achieved state-of-the-art results on text-to-image synthesis (T2I) tasks. Despite their ability to generate high-quality yet creative images, we observe that attribution-binding and compositional…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-02 Weixi Feng , Xuehai He , Tsu-Jui Fu , Varun Jampani , Arjun Akula , Pradyumna Narayana , Sugato Basu , Xin Eric Wang , William Yang Wang

In this paper, we conduct a study on the state-of-the-art methods for text-to-image synthesis and propose a framework to evaluate these methods. We consider syntheses where an image contains a single or multiple objects. Our study outlines…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-20 Tan M. Dinh , Rang Nguyen , Binh-Son Hua

Spatial intelligence is essential for multimodal large language models (MLLMs) operating in the complex physical world. Existing benchmarks, however, probe only single-image relations and thus fail to assess the multi-image spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Sihan Yang , Runsen Xu , Yiman Xie , Sizhe Yang , Mo Li , Jingli Lin , Chenming Zhu , Xiaochen Chen , Haodong Duan , Xiangyu Yue , Dahua Lin , Tai Wang , Jiangmiao Pang

This paper shows that text-only Language Models (LM) can learn to ground spatial relations like "left of" or "below" if they are provided with explicit location information of objects and they are properly trained to leverage those…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Gorka Azkune , Ander Salaberria , Eneko Agirre

Spatial intelligence is a critical frontier for Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), empowering them to comprehend the physical world. Drawing inspiration from human perception mechanisms, prior studies attempt to construct a spatial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yibin Huang , Wang Xu , Wanyue Zhang , Helu Zhi , Jingjing Huang , Yangbin Xu , Yangang Sun , Conghui Zhu , Tiejun Zhao

Recent advances in LVLMs have improved vision-language understanding, but they still struggle with spatial perception, limiting their ability to reason about complex 3D scenes. Unlike previous approaches that incorporate 3D representations…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Jiahui Zhang , Yurui Chen , Yanpeng Zhou , Yueming Xu , Ze Huang , Jilin Mei , Junhui Chen , Yu-Jie Yuan , Xinyue Cai , Guowei Huang , Xingyue Quan , Hang Xu , Li Zhang

Spatial commonsense, the knowledge about spatial position and relationship between objects (like the relative size of a lion and a girl, and the position of a boy relative to a bicycle when cycling), is an important part of commonsense…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-28 Xiao Liu , Da Yin , Yansong Feng , Dongyan Zhao

Reasoning-based text-to-image (T2I) generation requires models to interpret complex prompts accurately. Existing reasoning frameworks can be broadly categorized into two types: (1) Text-Only Reasoning, which is computationally efficient but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Yuanhuiyi Lyu , Kaiyu Lei , Ziqiao Weng , Xu Zheng , Lutao Jiang , Teng Li , Yangfu Li , Ziyuan Huang , Linfeng Zhang , Xuming Hu

In this work, we systematically study the problem of personalized text-to-image generation, where the output image is expected to portray information about specific human subjects. E.g., generating images of oneself appearing at imaginative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Panos Achlioptas , Alexandros Benetatos , Iordanis Fostiropoulos , Dimitris Skourtis

Describing images with text is a fundamental problem in vision-language research. Current studies in this domain mostly focus on single image captioning. However, in various real applications (e.g., image editing, difference interpretation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-20 Hao Tan , Franck Dernoncourt , Zhe Lin , Trung Bui , Mohit Bansal

Achieving compositional alignment between textual descriptions and generated images - covering objects, attributes, and spatial relationships - remains a core challenge for modern text-to-image (T2I) models. Although diffusion-based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Hossein Shahabadi , Niki Sepasian , Arash Marioriyad , Ali Sharifi-Zarchi , Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah

Text-to-Image (T2I) models have made remarkable progress in generating high-quality, diverse visual content from natural language prompts. However, their ability to reproduce copyrighted styles, sensitive imagery, and harmful content raises…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Changhoon Kim , Yanjun Qi

Warning: This paper contains several contents that may be toxic, harmful, or offensive. In the last few years, text-to-image generative models have gained remarkable success in generating images with unprecedented quality accompanied by a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Jialu Wang , Xinyue Gabby Liu , Zonglin Di , Yang Liu , Xin Eric Wang

Current text-to-image (T2I) benchmarks evaluate models on rigid prompts, potentially underestimating true generative capabilities due to prompt sensitivity and creating biases that favor certain models while disadvantaging others. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Haosheng Gan , Berk Tinaz , Mohammad Shahab Sepehri , Zalan Fabian , Mahdi Soltanolkotabi

Recognizing precise geometrical configurations of groups of objects is a key capability of human spatial cognition, yet little studied in the deep learning literature so far. In particular, a fundamental problem is how a machine can learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-20 Laetitia Teodorescu , Katja Hofmann , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer

Humans can imagine and manipulate visual images mentally, a capability known as spatial visualization. While many multi-modal benchmarks assess reasoning on visible visual information, the ability to infer unseen relationships through…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Siting Wang , Minnan Pei , Luoyang Sun , Cheng Deng , Yuchen Li , Kun Shao , Zheng Tian , Haifeng Zhang , Jun Wang

With the advent of generative adversarial networks, synthesizing images from textual descriptions has recently become an active research area. It is a flexible and intuitive way for conditional image generation with significant progress in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Stanislav Frolov , Tobias Hinz , Federico Raue , Jörn Hees , Andreas Dengel

The spatial reasoning task aims to reason about the spatial relationships in 2D and 3D space, which is a fundamental capability for Visual Question Answering (VQA) and robotics. Although vision language models (VLMs) have developed rapidly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Xun Liang , Xin Guo , Zhongming Jin , Weihang Pan , Penghui Shang , Deng Cai , Binbin Lin , Jieping Ye

Diffusion-based text-to-image (T2I) models have recently excelled in high-quality image generation, particularly in a training-free manner, enabling cost-effective adaptability and generalization across diverse tasks. However, while the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Woojung Han , Yeonkyung Lee , Chanyoung Kim , Kwanghyun Park , Seong Jae Hwang