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Reference-based metrics that operate at the sentence-level typically outperform quality estimation metrics, which have access only to the source and system output. This is unsurprising, since references resolve ambiguities that may be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-03 Vikas Raunak , Tom Kocmi , Matt Post

The task of automated code review has recently gained a lot of attention from the machine learning community. However, current review comment evaluation metrics rely on comparisons with a human-written reference for a given code change…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Atharva Naik , Marcus Alenius , Daniel Fried , Carolyn Rose

Image captioning has conventionally relied on reference-based automatic evaluations, where machine captions are compared against captions written by humans. This is in contrast to the reference-free manner in which humans assess caption…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Jack Hessel , Ari Holtzman , Maxwell Forbes , Ronan Le Bras , Yejin Choi

Large multilingual pretrained language models such as mBERT and XLM-RoBERTa have been found to be surprisingly effective for cross-lingual transfer of syntactic parsing models (Wu and Dredze 2019), but only between related languages.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-17 Miryam de Lhoneux , Sheng Zhang , Anders Søgaard

Improving the quality of model-generated summaries, especially factuality, the accuracy of a summary with respect to its source content, remains a challenge. While reranking could select the optimal output from multiple generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Riza Setiawan Soetedjo , Yusuke Sakai , Hidetaka Kamigaito , Jingun Kwon , Manabu Okumura , Taro Watanabe

The task of automatic text summarization has gained a lot of traction due to the recent advancements in machine learning techniques. However, evaluating the quality of a generated summary remains to be an open problem. The literature has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Raghav Jain , Vaibhav Mavi , Anubhav Jangra , Sriparna Saha

A number of automatic evaluation metrics have been proposed for natural language generation systems. The most common approach to automatic evaluation is the use of a reference-based metric that compares the model's output with gold-standard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Takumi Ito , Kees van Deemter , Jun Suzuki

Zero-shot text classifiers based on label descriptions embed an input text and a set of labels into the same space: measures such as cosine similarity can then be used to select the most similar label description to the input text as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Angelo Basile , Marc Franco-Salvador , Paolo Rosso

Automatic evaluation comparing candidate translations to human-generated paraphrases of reference translations has recently been proposed by Freitag et al. When used in place of original references, the paraphrased versions produce metric…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Markus Freitag , George Foster , David Grangier , Colin Cherry

The core objective of image captioning is to achieve lossless semantic compression from visual signals into textual modalities. However, the reliance on manually curated reference texts for evaluation essentially forces models to mimic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Ziyun Chen , Fan Liu , Liang Yao , Chuanyi Zhang , Yuye Ma , Wei Zhou

Recent advances in summarization research focus on improving summary quality across multiple criteria, such as completeness, conciseness, and faithfulness, by jointly optimizing these dimensions. However, these efforts largely overlook the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Hongye Liu , Liang Ding , Ricardo Henao

Current metrics for evaluating factuality for abstractive document summarization have achieved high correlations with human judgment, but they do not account for the vision modality and thus are not adequate for vision-and-language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-07 David Wan , Mohit Bansal

We approach the classification problem as an entailment problem and apply zero-shot ranking to socio-political texts. Documents that are ranked at the top can be considered positively classified documents and this reduces the close reading…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Kiymet Akdemir , Ali Hürriyetoğlu

Pretrained language models have improved zero-shot text classification by allowing the transfer of semantic knowledge from the training data in order to classify among specific label sets in downstream tasks. We propose a simple way to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Lingyu Gao , Debanjan Ghosh , Kevin Gimpel

The goal of a summary is to concisely state the most important information in a document. With this principle in mind, we introduce new reference-free summary evaluation metrics that use a pretrained language model to estimate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-17 Nicholas Egan , Oleg Vasilyev , John Bohannon

We introduce two reference-free metrics for quality evaluation of taxonomies in the absence of labels. The first metric evaluates robustness by calculating the correlation between semantic and taxonomic similarity, addressing error types…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Pascal Wullschleger , Majid Zarharan , Donnacha Daly , Marc Pouly , Jennifer Foster

We propose SumQE, a novel Quality Estimation model for summarization based on BERT. The model addresses linguistic quality aspects that are only indirectly captured by content-based approaches to summary evaluation, without involving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Stratos Xenouleas , Prodromos Malakasiotis , Marianna Apidianaki , Ion Androutsopoulos

The quality of automatic metrics for machine translation has been increasingly called into question, especially for high-quality systems. This paper demonstrates that, while choice of metric is important, the nature of the references is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-21 Markus Freitag , David Grangier , Isaac Caswell

We propose a new reference-free summary quality evaluation measure, with emphasis on the faithfulness. The measure is designed to find and count all possible minute inconsistencies of the summary with respect to the source document. The…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-13 Oleg Vasilyev , John Bohannon

BEIR is a benchmark dataset for zero-shot evaluation of information retrieval models across 18 different domain/task combinations. In recent years, we have witnessed the growing popularity of a representation learning approach to building…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-06-14 Ehsan Kamalloo , Nandan Thakur , Carlos Lassance , Xueguang Ma , Jheng-Hong Yang , Jimmy Lin