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Cognitively inspired Natural Language Pro-cessing uses human-derived behavioral datalike eye-tracking data, which reflect the seman-tic representations of language in the humanbrain to augment the neural nets to solve arange of tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Varun Madhavan , Aditya Girish Pawate , Shraman Pal , Abhranil Chandra

Eye-tracking-while-reading corpora are a valuable resource for many different disciplines and use cases. Use cases range from studying the cognitive processes underlying reading to machine-learning-based applications, such as gaze-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Deborah N. Jakobi , David R. Reich , Paul Prasse , Jana M. Hofmann , Lena S. Bolliger , Lena A. Jäger

Previous research shows that eye-tracking data contains information about the lexical and syntactic properties of text, which can be used to improve natural language processing models. In this work, we leverage eye movement features from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-03-29 Nora Hollenstein , Ce Zhang

Saliency methods -- techniques to identify the importance of input features on a model's output -- are a common step in understanding neural network behavior. However, interpreting saliency requires tedious manual inspection to identify and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Angie Boggust , Benjamin Hoover , Arvind Satyanarayan , Hendrik Strobelt

Eye contact between individuals is particularly important for understanding human behaviour. To further investigate the importance of eye contact in social interactions, portable eye tracking technology seems to be a natural choice.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Alexander Schäfer , Tomoko Isomura , Gerd Reis , Katsumi Watanabe , Didier Stricker

Neural code summarization leverages deep learning models to automatically generate brief natural language summaries of code snippets. The development of Transformer models has led to extensive use of attention during model design. While…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Yifan Zhang , Jiliang Li , Zachary Karas , Aakash Bansal , Toby Jia-Jun Li , Collin McMillan , Kevin Leach , Yu Huang

Eye-tracking has potential to provide rich behavioral data about human cognition in ecologically valid environments. However, analyzing this rich data is often challenging. Most automated analyses are specific to simplistic artificial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Karan Uppal , Jaeah Kim , Shashank Singh

This study analyzes changes in the attention mechanisms of large language models (LLMs) when used to understand natural conversations between humans (human-human). We analyze three use cases of LLMs: interactions over web content, code, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Toshish Jawale , Chaitanya Animesh , Sekhar Vallath , Kartik Talamadupula , Larry Heck

In this paper, we present an analysis of recorded eye-fixation data from human subjects viewing video sequences. The purpose is to better understand visual attention for videos. Utilizing the eye-fixation data provided in the CRCNS…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-01-31 Tariq Alshawi , Zhiling Long , Ghassan AlRegib

Recently, the integration of cognitive neuroscience in Natural Language Processing (NLP) has gained significant attention. This article provides a critical and timely overview of recent advancements in leveraging cognitive signals,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Angela Lopez-Cardona , Sebastian Idesis , Ioannis Arapakis

Advanced multimodal AI agents can now collaborate with users to solve challenges in the world. Yet, these emerging contextual AI systems rely on explicit communication channels between the user and system. We hypothesize that implicit…

Incorporating the audio stream enables Video Saliency Prediction (VSP) to imitate the selective attention mechanism of human brain. By focusing on the benefits of joint auditory and visual information, most VSP methods are capable of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Junwen Xiong , Ganglai Wang , Peng Zhang , Wei Huang , Yufei Zha , Guangtao Zhai

This paper launches a new effort at modeling programmer attention by predicting eye movement scanpaths. Programmer attention refers to what information people intake when performing programming tasks. Models of programmer attention refer to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Aakash Bansal , Chia-Yi Su , Zachary Karas , Yifan Zhang , Yu Huang , Toby Jia-Jun Li , Collin McMillan

Substantial research has been done in saliency modeling to develop intelligent machines that can perceive and interpret their surroundings. But existing models treat videos as merely image sequences excluding any audio information, unable…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-27 Maryam Qamar Butt , Anis Ur Rahman

Saliency maps can explain a neural model's predictions by identifying important input features. They are difficult to interpret for laypeople, especially for instances with many features. In order to make them more accessible, we formalize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-08 Nils Feldhus , Leonhard Hennig , Maximilian Dustin Nasert , Christopher Ebert , Robert Schwarzenberg , Sebastian Möller

Accounting for individual differences can improve the effectiveness of visualization design. While the role of visual attention in visualization interpretation is well recognized, existing work often overlooks how this behavior varies based…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Minsuk Chang , Yao Wang , Huichen Will Wang , Yuanhong Zhou , Andreas Bulling , Cindy Xiong Bearfield

Advances in language modeling have led to the development of deep attention-based models that are performant across a wide variety of natural language processing (NLP) problems. These language models are typified by a pre-training process…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-09-16 Joseph F DeRose , Jiayao Wang , Matthew Berger

Saliency methods have emerged as a popular tool to highlight features in an input deemed relevant for the prediction of a learned model. Several saliency methods have been proposed, often guided by visual appeal on image data. In this work,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-09 Julius Adebayo , Justin Gilmer , Michael Muelly , Ian Goodfellow , Moritz Hardt , Been Kim

The potential of multimodal generative artificial intelligence (mAI) to replicate human grounded language understanding, including the pragmatic, context-rich aspects of communication, remains to be clarified. Humans are known to use…

When humans read a text, their eye movements are influenced by the structural complexity of the input sentences. This cognitive phenomenon holds across languages and recent studies indicate that multilingual language models utilize…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Charlotte Pouw , Nora Hollenstein , Lisa Beinborn