Related papers: A non-constructive proof of the Four Colour Theore…

We consider solutions to the $4$-color problem for the vertices of sphere triangulations with degree sequence $6,...,6,4,4,4,4,4,4$. We sort these solutions into combinatorial types and show that each generic type $\tau$ is parametrized by…

For the four-color theorem that has been developed over one and half centuries, all people believe it right but without complete proof convincing all1-3. Former proofs are to find the basic four-colorable patterns on a planar graph to…

We give a pen and paper and (comparatively) much simpler proof to verify of the Four Colour Theorem.

In this paper, we provide an easy proof of the Four-colour Theorem in a special case indeed.

Tutte proved that if $G_{pt}$ is a planar triangulation and $P(G_{pt},q)$ is its chromatic polynomial, then $|P(G_{pt},\tau+1)| \le (\tau-1)^{n-5}$, where $\tau=(1+\sqrt{5} \,)/2$ and $n$ is the number of vertices in $G_{pt}$. Here we study…

Proving for triangulations an extended version of the 4-colour theorem by induction, we manage to exclude the case which led to the failure of Kempe's attempted proof. The new idea is to claim the existence of a "nice" 4-colouring, in which…

We exhibit infinite families of planar graphs with real chromatic roots arbitrarily close to 4, thus resolving a long-standing conjecture in the affirmative.

We present a ``reasonable'' statement about Lie algebras that is equivalent to the Four Color Theorem. The notions appearing in the statement also appear in the theory of finite-type invariants of knots (Vassiliev invariants) and…

We prove a better coloring theorem for aleph_4 and even aleph_3. This has a general topology consequence.

Let G be a combinatorial graph with vertices V and edges E. A proper coloring of G is an assignment of colors to the vertices such that no edge connects two vertices of the same color. These are the colorings considered in the famous Four…

Youngs proved that every non-bipartite quadrangulation of the projective plane $\mathbb{R}\mathrm{P}^2$ is 4-chromatic. Kaiser and Stehl\'{\i}k [J. Combin. Theory Ser. B 113 (2015), 1-17] generalised the notion of a quadrangulation to…

For a plane near-triangulation $G$ with the outer face bounded by a cycle $C$, let $n^\star_G$ denote the function that to each $4$-coloring $\psi$ of $C$ assigns the number of ways $\psi$ extends to a $4$-coloring of $G$. The block-count…

In 1999, at one of his last public lectures, Tutte discussed a question he had considered since the times of the Four Color Conjecture. He asked whether the 4-coloring complex of a planar triangulation could have two components in which all…

In 1880, P. G. Tait showed that the four colour theorem is equivalent to the assertion that every 3-regular planar graph without cut-edges is 3-edge-colourable, and in 1891, J. Petersen proved that every 3-regular graph with at most two…

In the 1970s, Tutte developed a clever algebraic approach, based on certain "invariants" , to solve a functional equation that arises in the enumeration of properly colored triangulations. The enumeration of plane lattice walks confined to…

Hassler Whitney's theorem of 1931 reduces the task of finding proper, vertex 4-colorings of triangulations of the 2-sphere to finding such colorings for the class \(\mathfrak H\) of triangulations of the 2-sphere that have a Hamiltonian…

Maximal planar graph refers to the planar graph with the most edges, which means no more edges can be added so that the resulting graph is still planar. The Four-Color Conjecture says that every planar graph without loops is 4-colorable.…

While planar graphs are flat from a topological viewpoint, we observe that they are not from a geometric one. We prove that every planar graph can be embedded into a surface consisting of spheres, glued together in a tree-like fashion. As a…

We prove that every cyclically 4-edge-connected cubic graph that can be embedded in the projective plane, with the single exception of the Petersen graph, is 3-edge-colorable. In other words, the only (non-trivial) snark that can be…

A vertex colouring of a graph $G$ is "nonrepetitive" if $G$ contains no path for which the first half of the path is assigned the same sequence of colours as the second half. Thue's famous theorem says that every path is nonrepetitively…