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Large language models (e.g., GPT-4) are uniquely capable of producing highly rated text simplification, yet current human evaluation methods fail to provide a clear understanding of systems' specific strengths and weaknesses. To address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 David Heineman , Yao Dou , Mounica Maddela , Wei Xu

The goal of text simplification (TS) is to transform difficult text into a version that is easier to understand and more broadly accessible to a wide variety of readers. In some domains, such as healthcare, fully automated approaches cannot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Hoang Van , David Kauchak , Gondy Leroy

Language models (LMs) as conversational assistants recently became popular tools that help people accomplish a variety of tasks. These typically result from adapting LMs pretrained on general domain text sequences through further…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Milan Gritta , Gerasimos Lampouras , Ignacio Iacobacci

We propose a new method for evaluating the readability of simplified sentences through pair-wise ranking. The validity of the method is established through in-corpus and cross-corpus evaluation experiments. The approach correctly identifies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-03-22 Sowmya Vajjala , Detmar Meurers

Large language models demonstrate limited capability in proficiency-controlled sentence simplification, particularly when simplifying across large readability levels. We propose a framework that decomposes complex simplifications into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jingshen Zhang , Xin Ying Qiu , Lifang Lu , Zhuhua Huang , Yutao Hu , Yuechang Wu , JunYu Lu

While there has been significant development of models for Plain Language Summarization (PLS), evaluation remains a challenge. PLS lacks a dedicated assessment metric, and the suitability of text generation evaluation metrics is unclear due…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Yue Guo , Tal August , Gondy Leroy , Trevor Cohen , Lucy Lu Wang

The growing public demand for accessible biomedical information calls for scalable text simplification. While large language models (LLMs) offer solutions, they too struggle with balancing improved readability against preservation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 P. Bilha Githinji , Aikaterini Melliou , Zeming Liang , Lian Zhang , Peiwu Qin

State-of-the-art text simplification (TS) systems adopt end-to-end neural network models to directly generate the simplified version of the input text, and usually function as a blackbox. Moreover, TS is usually treated as an all-purpose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Yu Qiao , Xiaofei Li , Daniel Wiechmann , Elma Kerz

Text Simplification is a task that has been minimally explored for low-resource languages. Consequently, there are only a few manually curated datasets. In this paper, we present a human curated sentence-level text simplification dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Surangika Ranathunga , Rumesh Sirithunga , Himashi Rathnayake , Lahiru De Silva , Thamindu Aluthwala , Saman Peramuna , Ravi Shekhar

Text is by far the most ubiquitous source of knowledge and information and should be made easily accessible to as many people as possible; however, texts often contain complex words that hinder reading comprehension and accessibility.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Kim Cheng Sheang , Horacio Saggion

Text simplification is crucial for improving accessibility and comprehension for English as a Second Language (ESL) learners. This study goes a step further and aims to facilitate ESL learners' language acquisition by simplification.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Guanlin Li , Yuki Arase , Noel Crespi

Sentence simplification is the task of rewriting texts so they are easier to understand. Recent research has applied sequence-to-sequence (Seq2Seq) models to this task, focusing largely on training-time improvements via reinforcement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-04-08 Reno Kriz , João Sedoc , Marianna Apidianaki , Carolina Zheng , Gaurav Kumar , Eleni Miltsakaki , Chris Callison-Burch

Text simplification aims at making a text easier to read and understand by simplifying grammar and structure while keeping the underlying information identical. It is often considered an all-purpose generic task where the same…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-21 Louis Martin , Benoît Sagot , Éric de la Clergerie , Antoine Bordes

Sentence Simplification aims to rephrase complex sentences into simpler sentences while retaining original meaning. Large Language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the ability to perform a variety of natural language processing tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-24 Yutao Feng , Jipeng Qiang , Yun Li , Yunhao Yuan , Yi Zhu

The rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs) has led to great strides in model capabilities like long-context understanding and reasoning. However, as LLMs are able to process longer contexts, it becomes more challenging to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Fangyu Lei , Qian Liu , Yiming Huang , Shizhu He , Jun Zhao , Kang Liu

New models for natural language understanding have recently made an unparalleled amount of progress, which has led some researchers to suggest that the models induce universal text representations. However, current benchmarks are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Damien Sileo , Tim Van-de-Cruys , Camille Pradel , Philippe Muller

The goal of this work is to build a classifier that can identify text complexity within the context of teaching reading to English as a Second Language (ESL) learners. To present language learners with texts that are suitable to their level…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-22 M. Zakaria Kurdi

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly prevalent in text simplification, systematically evaluating their outputs across diverse prompting strategies and architectures remains a critical methodological challenge in both NLP…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Rares-Alexandru Roscan , Gabriel Petre1 , Adrian-Marius Dumitran , Angela-Liliana Dumitran

We introduce EASSE, a Python package aiming to facilitate and standardise automatic evaluation and comparison of Sentence Simplification (SS) systems. EASSE provides a single access point to a broad range of evaluation resources: standard…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-16 Fernando Alva-Manchego , Louis Martin , Carolina Scarton , Lucia Specia

We introduce Lens, a 3.8B-parameter T2I model that achieves performance competitive with, and in several cases surpassing, state-of-the-art models with more than 6B parameters across various benchmarks, while requiring significantly less…