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A multi-hop question answering (QA) dataset aims to test reasoning and inference skills by requiring a model to read multiple paragraphs to answer a given question. However, current datasets do not provide a complete explanation for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-13 Xanh Ho , Anh-Khoa Duong Nguyen , Saku Sugawara , Akiko Aizawa

Neural dialogue generation models trained with the one-hot target distribution suffer from the over-confidence issue, which leads to poor generation diversity as widely reported in the literature. Although existing approaches such as label…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-01 Yida Wang , Yinhe Zheng , Yong Jiang , Minlie Huang

It has been hypothesized that label smoothing can reduce overfitting and improve generalization, and current empirical evidence seems to corroborate these effects. However, there is a lack of mathematical understanding of when and why such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-27 Blair Chen , Liu Ziyin , Zihao Wang , Paul Pu Liang

Multi-source multi-hop question answering (QA) represents a challenging task in natural language processing due to the need for dynamic integration of heterogeneous knowledge sources and multi-step reasoning. Existing methods often suffer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Jackson Coleman , Isaiah Lawrence , Benjamin Turner

Multi-hop question answering (MHQA) enables accurate answers to complex queries by retrieving and reasoning over evidence dispersed across multiple documents. Existing MHQA approaches mainly rely on iterative retrieval-augmented generation,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Wei Chen , Lili Zhao , Zhi Zheng , HuiJun Hou , Tong Xu

Multi-hop question answering (QA) is a challenging task requiring QA systems to perform complex reasoning over multiple documents and provide supporting facts together with the exact answer. Existing works tend to utilize graph-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Xin-Yi Li , Wei-Jun Lei , Yu-Bin Yang

Multi-hop question answering (QA) often requires sequential retrieval (multi-hop retrieval), where each hop retrieves missing knowledge based on information from previous hops. To facilitate more effective retrieval, we aim to distill…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Zehua Xia , Yuyang Wu , Yiyun Xia , Cam-Tu Nguyen

Explainable multi-hop question answering (QA) not only predicts answers but also identifies rationales, i. e. subsets of input sentences used to derive the answers. This problem has been extensively studied under the supervised setting,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Wenting Zhao , Justin T. Chiu , Claire Cardie , Alexander M. Rush

Despite recent advances in large language models (LLMs), most QA benchmarks are still confined to single-paragraph or single-document settings, failing to capture the complexity of real-world information-seeking tasks. Practical QA often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Jiwon Park , Seohyun Pyeon , Jinwoo Kim , Rina Carines Cabal , Yihao Ding , Soyeon Caren Han

Multi-hop Question Answering (QA) is a challenging task since it requires an accurate aggregation of information from multiple context paragraphs and a thorough understanding of the underlying reasoning chains. Recent work in multi-hop QA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Kaige Xie , Sarah Wiegreffe , Mark Riedl

Multi-label classification (MLC) is an important class of machine learning problems that come with a wide spectrum of applications, each demanding a possibly different evaluation criterion. When solving the MLC problems, we generally expect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Yao-Yuan Yang , Yi-An Lin , Hong-Min Chu , Hsuan-Tien Lin

This paper studies the bias problem of multi-hop question answering models, of answering correctly without correct reasoning. One way to robustify these models is by supervising to not only answer right, but also with right reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Kyungjae Lee , Seung-won Hwang , Sang-eun Han , Dohyeon Lee

In this study, we introduced a new benchmark consisting of a curated dataset and a defined evaluation process to assess the compositional reasoning capabilities of large language models within the chemistry domain. We designed and validated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Mohammad Khodadad , Ali Shiraee Kasmaee , Mahdi Astaraki , Nicholas Sherck , Hamidreza Mahyar , Soheila Samiee

Multi-hop question answering (QA) requires reasoning over multiple documents to answer a complex question and provide interpretable supporting evidence. However, providing supporting evidence is not enough to demonstrate that a model has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Zhenyun Deng , Yonghua Zhu , Yang Chen , Qianqian Qi , Michael Witbrock , Patricia Riddle

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in various reasoning tasks but face significant challenges with complex, knowledge-intensive multi-hop queries, particularly those involving new or long-tail knowledge.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Jie He , Nan Hu , Wanqiu Long , Jiaoyan Chen , Jeff Z. Pan

Multi-hop question answering (MHQA) requires a model to retrieve and integrate information from multiple passages to answer a complex question. Recent systems leverage the power of large language models and integrate evidence retrieval with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Zhenyu Bi , Daniel Hajialigol , Zhongkai Sun , Jie Hao , Xuan Wang

Despite scaling to massive context windows, Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with multi-hop reasoning due to inherent position bias, which causes them to overlook information at certain positions. Whether these failures stem from an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Meiru Zhang , Zaiqiao Meng , Nigel Collier

Label smoothing and vocabulary sharing are two widely used techniques in neural machine translation models. However, we argue that simply applying both techniques can be conflicting and even leads to sub-optimal performance. When allocating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-14 Liang Chen , Runxin Xu , Baobao Chang

We present M$^3$-VQA, a novel knowledge-based Visual Question Answering (VQA) benchmark, to enhance the evaluation of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) in fine-grained multimodal entity understanding and complex multi-hop reasoning.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Jiatong Ma , Longteng Guo , Yuchen Liu , Zijia Zhao , Dongze Hao , Xuanxu Lin , Jing Liu

While Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve expert-level performance on standard medical benchmarks through single-hop factual recall, they severely struggle with the complex, multi-hop diagnostic reasoning required in real-world clinical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Xing Zi , Xinying Zhou , Jinghao Xiao , Catarina Moreira , Mukesh Prasad