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As generative AI models such as large language models (LLMs) become more pervasive, ensuring the safety, robustness, and overall trustworthiness of these systems is paramount. However, AI is currently facing a reproducibility crisis driven…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Deepak Pandita , Flip Korn , Chris Welty , Christopher M. Homan

AI has the potential to transform scientific discovery by analyzing vast datasets with little human effort. However, current workflows often do not provide the accuracy or statistical guarantees that are needed. We introduce active…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Max Hamilton , Jinlin Lai , Wenlong Zhao , Subhransu Maji , Daniel Sheldon

In this article I recommend a better point estimator for Krippendorff's Alpha agreement coefficient, and develop a jackknife variance estimator that leads to much better interval estimation than does the customary bootstrap procedure or an…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-25 John Hughes

We report here on a study of interannotator agreement in the coreference task as defined by the Message Understanding Conference (MUC-6 and MUC-7). Based on feedback from annotators, we clarified and simplified the annotation specification.…

cmp-lg · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Lynette Hirschman , Patricia Robinson , John Burger , Marc Vilain

Interference Alignment (IA) is a transmission scheme which achieves 1/2 Degrees-of-Freedom (DoF) per transmit-antenna per user. The constraints imposed on the scheme are based on the linear receiver since conventional IA assumes Gaussian…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-02-12 B Hari Ram , K Giridhar

Narratives in news discourse play a critical role in shaping public understanding of economic events, such as inflation. Annotating and evaluating these narratives in a structured manner remains a key challenge for Natural Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Junbo Huang , Max Weinig , Ulrich Fritsche , Ricardo Usbeck

Agentic AI workflows (systems that autonomously plan and act) are becoming widespread, yet their task success rate on complex tasks remains low. A promising solution is inference-time alignment, which uses extra compute at test time to…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to annotate learning interactions, yet concerns about reliability limit their utility. We test whether verification-oriented orchestration-prompting models to check their own labels…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Bakhtawar Ahtisham , Kirk Vanacore , Jinsook Lee , Zhuqian Zhou , Doug Pietrzak , Rene F. Kizilcec

Recent works have emerged in multi-annotator learning that shift focus from Consensus-oriented Learning (CoL), which aggregates multiple annotations into a single ground-truth prediction, to Individual Tendency Learning (ITL), which models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Liyun Zhang , Fengkai Liu , Xuanmeng Sha , Bowen Wang , Hong Liu , Zheng Lian

Training data attribution (TDA) for music generation must answer two questions that copyright analysis requires, namely which training songs influence a generated output and along which musical aspects the influence operates. Existing…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Changheon Han , Ashkan Panahi , Kıvanç Tatar

Recently, astonishing advances have been observed in AMR parsing, as measured by the structural Smatch metric. In fact, today's systems achieve performance levels that seem to surpass estimates of human inter annotator agreement (IAA).…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Juri Opitz , Anette Frank

We present MAFA (Multi-Agent Framework for Annotation), a production-deployed system that transforms enterprise-scale annotation workflows through configurable multi-agent collaboration. Addressing the critical challenge of annotation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Mahmood Hegazy , Aaron Rodrigues , Azzam Naeem

Majority voting and averaging are common approaches employed to resolve annotator disagreements and derive single ground truth labels from multiple annotations. However, annotators may systematically disagree with one another, often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Aida Mostafazadeh Davani , Mark Díaz , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran

Human annotated data is the cornerstone of today's artificial intelligence efforts, yet data labeling processes can be complicated and expensive, especially when human labelers disagree with each other. The current work practice is to use…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-12-09 Yisi Sang , Jeffrey Stanton

Recent research in the field of computer vision strongly focuses on deep learning architectures to tackle image processing problems. Deep neural networks are often considered in complex image processing scenarios since traditional computer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Marcel P. Schilling , Luca Rettenberger , Friedrich Münke , Haijun Cui , Anna A. Popova , Pavel A. Levkin , Ralf Mikut , Markus Reischl

Annotator disagreement is ubiquitous in natural language processing (NLP) tasks. There are multiple reasons for such disagreements, including the subjectivity of the task, difficult cases, unclear guidelines, and so on. Rather than simply…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Naihao Deng , Xinliang Frederick Zhang , Siyang Liu , Winston Wu , Lu Wang , Rada Mihalcea

This work offers a novel view on the use of human input as labels, acknowledging that humans may err. We build a behavioral profile for human annotators which is used as a feature representation of the provided input. We show that by…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-05-09 Roee Shraga

Can performance on the task of action quality assessment (AQA) be improved by exploiting a description of the action and its quality? Current AQA and skills assessment approaches propose to learn features that serve only one task -…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-06-17 Paritosh Parmar , Brendan Tran Morris

In this paper, we consider image quality assessment (IQA) as a measure of how images are amenable with respect to a given downstream task, or task amenability. When the task is performed using machine learning algorithms, such as a…

Information-theoretic (IT) measures are ubiquitous in artificial intelligence: entropy drives decision-tree splits and uncertainty quantification, cross-entropy is the default classification loss, mutual information underpins representation…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Nikolaos Al. Papadopoulos , Konstantinos E. Psannis