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Bayesian Optimization (BO) is a class of black-box, surrogate-based heuristics that can efficiently optimize problems that are expensive to evaluate, and hence admit only small evaluation budgets. BO is particularly popular for solving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Maria Laura Santoni , Elena Raponi , Renato De Leone , Carola Doerr

Solving optimization problems in which functions are blackboxes and variables involve different types poses significant theoretical and algorithmic challenges. Nevertheless, such settings frequently occur in simulation-based engineering…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-25 Charles Audet , Youssef Diouane , Edward Hallé-Hannan , Sébastien Le Digabel , Christophe Tribes

Bilevel optimization is a field of significant theoretical and practical interest, yet solving such optimization problems remains challenging. Evolutionary methods have been employed to address these problems in the black-box setting;…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Marc Ong , Youhei Akimoto

Many real-time systems require the optimization of discrete variables. Black-box optimization (BBO) algorithms and multi-armed bandit (MAB) algorithms perform optimization by repeatedly taking actions and observing the corresponding instant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Tomoya Kashimata , Yohei Hamakawa , Masaya Yamasaki , Kosuke Tatsumura

In discrete-variable black-box optimization, the number of candidate solutions grows combinatorially, while each evaluation is often expensive. Therefore, it is important to identify promising solutions efficiently within a limited number…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-12 Reo Shikanai , Masayuki Ohzeki

Hyperparameters of deep neural networks are often optimized by grid search, random search or Bayesian optimization. As an alternative, we propose to use the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES), which is known for its…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-04-26 Ilya Loshchilov , Frank Hutter

In several real-world applications in medical and control engineering, there are unsafe solutions whose evaluations involve inherent risk. This optimization setting is known as safe optimization and formulated as a specialized type of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Kento Uchida , Ryoki Hamano , Masahiro Nomura , Shota Saito , Shinichi Shirakawa

In this study, we consider a continuous min--max optimization problem $\min_{x \in \mathbb{X} \max_{y \in \mathbb{Y}}}f(x,y)$ whose objective function is a black-box. We propose a novel approach to minimize the worst-case objective function…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-03-29 Atsuhiro Miyagi , Yoshiki Miyauchi , Atsuo Maki , Kazuto Fukuchi , Jun Sakuma , Youhei Akimoto

The covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) is a stochastic search algorithm using a multivariate normal distribution for continuous black-box optimization. In addition to strong empirical results, part of the CMA-ES can be…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Ryoki Hamano , Shinichi Shirakawa , Masahiro Nomura

The covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) is one of the most successful methods for solving continuous black-box optimization problems. A practically useful aspect of the CMA-ES is that it can be used without…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Masahiro Nomura , Youhei Akimoto , Isao Ono

Rather than obtaining a single good solution for a given optimization problem, users often seek alternative design choices, because the best-found solution may perform poorly with respect to additional objectives or constraints that are…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Maria Laura Santoni , Christoph Dürr , Carola Doerr , Mike Preuss , Elena Raponi

This paper investigates the control of an ML component within the Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES) devoted to black-box optimization. The known CMA-ES weakness is its sample complexity, the number of evaluations of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-08-20 Ilya Loshchilov , Marc Schoenauer , Michèle Sebag

We propose a computationally efficient limited memory Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy for large scale optimization, which we call the LM-CMA-ES. The LM-CMA-ES is a stochastic, derivative-free algorithm for numerical…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2014-04-23 Ilya Loshchilov

Bayesian optimization (BO) is an efficient framework for solving black-box optimization problems with expensive function evaluations. This paper addresses the BO problem setting for combinatorial spaces (e.g., sequences and graphs) that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Aryan Deshwal , Syrine Belakaria , Janardhan Rao Doppa

The identification of governing equations for dynamical systems is everlasting challenges for the fundamental research in science and engineering. Machine learning has exhibited great success to learn and predict dynamical systems from…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-09-27 Zhongshun Shi , Hang Ma , Hoang Tran , Guannan Zhang

The covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) is one of the most successful methods for solving black-box continuous optimization problems. One practically useful aspect of the CMA-ES is that it can be used without…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-09-15 Masahiro Nomura , Youhei Akimoto , Isao Ono

Several researchers have proposed minimisation of maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) as a method to quantise probability measures, i.e., to approximate a target distribution by a representative point set. We consider sequential algorithms that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-15 Onur Teymur , Jackson Gorham , Marina Riabiz , Chris. J. Oates

In this work, we consider multiobjective optimization problems with both bound constraints on the variables and general nonlinear constraints, where objective and constraint function values can only be obtained by querying a black box.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-04-15 Giampaolo Liuzzi , Stefano Lucidi

Optimizing expensive black-box objectives over mixed search spaces is a common challenge across the natural sciences. Bayesian optimization (BO) offers sample-efficient strategies through probabilistic surrogate models and acquisition…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Yuhao Zhang , Ti John , Matthias Stosiek , Patrick Rinke

The domain of an optimization problem is seen as one of its most important characteristics. In particular, the distinction between continuous and discrete optimization is rather impactful. Based on this, the optimizing algorithm, analyzing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-04-27 André Thomaser , Jacob de Nobel , Diederick Vermetten , Furong Ye , Thomas Bäck , Anna V. Kononova