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We introduce a dataset of high-quality human-authored summaries of news articles in Norwegian. The dataset is intended for benchmarking the abstractive summarisation capabilities of generative language models. Each document in the dataset…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Samia Touileb , Vladislav Mikhailov , Marie Kroka , Lilja Øvrelid , Erik Velldal

In the context of text classification, the financial burden of annotation exercises for creating training data is a critical issue. Active learning techniques, particularly those rooted in uncertainty sampling, offer a cost-effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Hamidreza Rouzegar , Masoud Makrehchi

Text summarization plays a crucial role in natural language processing by condensing large volumes of text into concise and coherent summaries. As digital content continues to grow rapidly and the demand for effective information retrieval…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-14 Tohida Rehman , Soumabha Ghosh , Kuntal Das , Souvik Bhattacharjee , Debarshi Kumar Sanyal , Samiran Chattopadhyay

Large language models offer a scalable alternative to human coding for data annotation tasks, enabling the scale-up of research across data-intensive domains. While LLMs are already achieving near-human accuracy on objective annotation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Zhen Xu , Vedant Khatri , Yijun Dai , Xiner Liu , Siyan Li , Xuanming Zhang , Renzhe Yu

Most current state-of-the art systems for generating English text from Abstract Meaning Representation (AMR) have been evaluated only using automated metrics, such as BLEU, which are known to be problematic for natural language generation.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Emma Manning , Shira Wein , Nathan Schneider

Meeting summarization has become a critical task considering the increase in online interactions. While new techniques are introduced regularly, their evaluation uses metrics not designed to capture meeting-specific errors, undermining…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Frederic Kirstein , Jan Philip Wahle , Terry Ruas , Bela Gipp

Machine Reading Comprehension (MRC) is the task of answering a question over a paragraph of text. While neural MRC systems gain popularity and achieve noticeable performance, issues are being raised with the methodology used to establish…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-03-11 Viktor Schlegel , Marco Valentino , André Freitas , Goran Nenadic , Riza Batista-Navarro

This study investigates the ability of GPT models (ChatGPT, GPT-4 and GPT-4o) to generate dialogue summaries that adhere to human guidelines. Our evaluation involved experimenting with various prompts to guide the models in complying with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yongxin Zhou , Fabien Ringeval , François Portet

Canonical automatic summary evaluation metrics, such as ROUGE, focus on lexical similarity which cannot well capture semantics nor linguistic quality and require a reference summary which is costly to obtain. Recently, there have been a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Forrest Sheng Bao , Hebi Li , Ge Luo , Minghui Qiu , Yinfei Yang , Youbiao He , Cen Chen

Text summarization models are often trained to produce summaries that meet human quality requirements. However, the existing evaluation metrics for summary text are only rough proxies for summary quality, suffering from low correlation with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Wuhang Lin , Shasha Li , Chen Zhang , Bin Ji , Jie Yu , Jun Ma , Zibo Yi

Dialogue summarization task involves summarizing long conversations while preserving the most salient information. Real-life dialogues often involve naturally occurring variations (e.g., repetitions, hesitations) and existing dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Ankita Gupta , Chulaka Gunasekara , Hui Wan , Jatin Ganhotra , Sachindra Joshi , Marina Danilevsky

Objective and scalable measurement of teaching quality is a persistent challenge in education. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer potential, general-purpose models have struggled to reliably apply complex, authentic classroom…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Michael Hardy

Evaluating text revision in scientific writing remains a challenge, as traditional metrics such as ROUGE and BERTScore primarily focus on similarity rather than capturing meaningful improvements. In this work, we analyse and identify the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Léane Jourdan , Florian Boudin , Richard Dufour , Nicolas Hernandez

Assessing the quality of natural language generation systems through human annotation is very expensive. Additionally, human annotation campaigns are time-consuming and include non-reusable human labour. In practice, researchers rely on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Pierre Colombo , Chloe Clavel , Pablo Piantanida

Human evaluation is crucial for assessing rapidly evolving language models but is influenced by annotator proficiency and task design. This study explores the integration of comparative judgment into human annotation for machine translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Yixiao Song , Parker Riley , Daniel Deutsch , Markus Freitag

Most existing cross-lingual summarization (CLS) work constructs CLS corpora by simply and directly translating pre-annotated summaries from one language to another, which can contain errors from both summarization and translation processes.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Yulong Chen , Huajian Zhang , Yijie Zhou , Xuefeng Bai , Yueguan Wang , Ming Zhong , Jianhao Yan , Yafu Li , Judy Li , Michael Zhu , Yue Zhang

In recent times, extracting valuable information from large text is making significant progress. Especially in the current era of social media, people expect quick bites of information. Automatic text summarization seeks to tackle this by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Sindhu Nair , Y. S. Rao , Radha Shankarmani

Human evaluators provide necessary contributions in evaluating large language models. In the context of Machine Translation (MT) systems for low-resource languages (LRLs), this is made even more apparent since popular automated metrics tend…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Carlos Rafael Catalan

We study unsupervised multi-document summarization evaluation metrics, which require neither human-written reference summaries nor human annotations (e.g. preferences, ratings, etc.). We propose SUPERT, which rates the quality of a summary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-11 Yang Gao , Wei Zhao , Steffen Eger

Keywords, that is, content-relevant words in summaries play an important role in efficient information conveyance, making it critical to assess if system-generated summaries contain such informative words during evaluation. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Sotaro Takeshita , Simone Paolo Ponzetto , Kai Eckert