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Many potential applications of reinforcement learning in the real world involve interacting with other agents whose numbers vary over time. We propose new neural policy architectures for these multi-agent problems. In contrast to other…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-03 Matthew A. Wright , Roberto Horowitz

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) optimizes strategic interactions in non-cooperative dynamic games, where agents have misaligned objectives. However, data-driven methods such as multi-agent policy gradients (MA-PG) often suffer…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-13 Jingqi Li , Gechen Qu , Jason J. Choi , Somayeh Sojoudi , Claire Tomlin

Adversarial inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) for multi-agent task allocation (MATA) is challenged by non-stationary interactions and high-dimensional coordination. Unconstrained reward inference in these settings often leads to high…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Huilin Yin , Zhikun Yang , Linchuan Zhang , Daniel Watzenig

Market makers play an important role in providing liquidity to markets by continuously quoting prices at which they are willing to buy and sell, and managing inventory risk. In this paper, we build a multi-agent simulation of a dealer…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2019-11-15 Sumitra Ganesh , Nelson Vadori , Mengda Xu , Hua Zheng , Prashant Reddy , Manuela Veloso

The multi-agent system (MAS) enables the sharing of capabilities among agents, such that collaborative tasks can be accomplished with high scalability and efficiency. MAS is increasingly widely applied in various fields. Meanwhile, the…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-09-16 Guojun He

Backdoor attacks on reinforcement learning implant a backdoor in a victim agent's policy. Once the victim observes the trigger signal, it will switch to the abnormal mode and fail its task. Most of the attacks assume the adversary can…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Shuo Chen , Yue Qiu , Jie Zhang

We investigate the challenge of multi-agent deep reinforcement learning in partially competitive environments, where traditional methods struggle to foster reciprocity-based cooperation. LOLA and POLA agents learn reciprocity-based…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Milad Aghajohari , Tim Cooijmans , Juan Agustin Duque , Shunichi Akatsuka , Aaron Courville

Object-centric representations have recently enabled significant progress in tackling relational reasoning tasks. By building a strong object-centric inductive bias into neural architectures, recent efforts have improved generalization and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-20 Wenling Shang , Lasse Espeholt , Anton Raichuk , Tim Salimans

Multi-agent systems (MASs) can autonomously learn to solve previously unknown tasks by means of each agent's individual intelligence as well as by collaborating and exploiting collective intelligence. This article considers a group of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-11-29 Michael Meindl , Fabio Molinari , Dustin Lehmann , Thomas Seel

Unsupervised reinforcement learning (RL) studies how to leverage environment statistics to learn useful behaviors without the cost of reward engineering. However, a central challenge in unsupervised RL is to extract behaviors that…

Optimal order execution is widely studied by industry practitioners and academic researchers because it determines the profitability of investment decisions and high-level trading strategies, particularly those involving large volumes of…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2020-09-15 Michaël Karpe , Jin Fang , Zhongyao Ma , Chen Wang

Through multi-agent competition, the simple objective of hide-and-seek, and standard reinforcement learning algorithms at scale, we find that agents create a self-supervised autocurriculum inducing multiple distinct rounds of emergent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-12 Bowen Baker , Ingmar Kanitscheider , Todor Markov , Yi Wu , Glenn Powell , Bob McGrew , Igor Mordatch

We study the use of inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) as a tool for the recognition of agents' behavior on the basis of observation of their sequential decision behavior interacting with the environment. We model the problem faced by the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-03-22 Qifeng Qiao , Peter A. Beling

LLM-powered agents are now used in many areas, from customer support to education, and there is increasing interest in their ability to act more like humans. This includes fields such as social, political, and psychological research, where…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-12-22 Monika Zamojska , Jarosław A. Chudziak

In this paper, we study cooperative multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) where the joint reward exhibits submodularity, which is a natural property capturing diminishing marginal returns when adding agents to a team. Unlike standard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Wenjing Chen , Chengyuan Qian , Shuo Xing , Yi Zhou , Victoria Crawford

In this work, we integrate `social' interactions into the MARL setup through a user-defined relational network and examine the effects of agent-agent relations on the rise of emergent behaviors. Leveraging insights from sociology and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Hossein Haeri , Reza Ahmadzadeh , Kshitij Jerath

Modeling agent behavior is central to understanding the emergence of complex phenomena in multiagent systems. Prior work in agent modeling has largely been task-specific and driven by hand-engineering domain-specific prior knowledge. We…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2018-08-02 Aditya Grover , Maruan Al-Shedivat , Jayesh K. Gupta , Yura Burda , Harrison Edwards

This paper introduces a decentralized multi-agent reinforcement learning framework enabling structurally heterogeneous teams of agents to jointly discover and acquire randomly located targets in environments characterized by partial…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Gabriele Calzolari , Vidya Sumathy , Christoforos Kanellakis , George Nikolakopoulos

We propose an extension to the OWASP Multi-Agentic System (MAS) Threat Modeling Guide, translating recent anticipatory research in multi-agent security (MASEC) into practical guidance for addressing challenges unique to large language model…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Klaudia Krawiecka , Christian Schroeder de Witt

We consider a model of two competing microswimming agents engaged in a pursue-evasion task within a low-Reynolds-number environment. Agents can only perform simple maneuvers and sense hydrodynamic disturbances, which provide ambiguous…

Fluid Dynamics · Physics 2022-03-04 Francesco Borra , Luca Biferale , Massimo Cencini , Antonio Celani