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Optimization is an essential part of power grid operation and lately, Online Optimization methods have gained traction. One such method is Online Feedback Optimization (OFO) which uses measurements from the grid as feedback to iteratively…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-08-11 Lukas Ortmann , Christian Rubin , Alessandro Scozzafava , Janick Lehmann , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dörfler

In this paper we propose an approach based on an Online Feedback Optimization (OFO) controller with grid input-output sensitivity estimation for real-time grid operation, e.g., at subsecond time scales. The OFO controller uses grid…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-17 Miguel Picallo , Lukas Ortmann , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dörfler

Due to more volatile generation, flexibility will become more important in transmission grids. One potential source of this flexibility can be distribution grids. A flexibility request from the transmission grid to a distribution grid then…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-05 Lukas Ortmann , Fabian Böhm , Florian Klein-Helmkamp , Andreas Ulbig , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dörfler

Online feedback optimization (OFO) is an emerging control methodology for real-time optimal steady-state control of complex dynamical systems. This tutorial focuses on the application of OFO for the autonomous operation of large-scale…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-10-25 Giuseppe Belgioioso , Saverio Bolognani , Giulia Pejrani , Florian Dörfler

Online feedback optimization (OFO) enables optimal steady-state operations of a physical system by employing an iterative optimization algorithm as a dynamic feedback controller. When the plant consists of several interconnected…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-09-13 Wenbin Wang , Zhiyu He , Giuseppe Belgioioso , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dörfler

The rise in residential photovoltaics and other distributed energy sources poses unprecedented challenges for the operation of power distribution grids. When high amounts of active power are injected into the grid by such power sources, the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-01 Jonas G. Matt , Lukas Ortmann , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dörfler

We investigate the real-time voltage regulation problem in distribution systems employing online feedback optimization (OFO) with short-range communication between physical neighbours. OFO does not need an accurate grid model nor estimated…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-16 Sen Zhan , Nikolaos G. Paterakis , Wouter van den Akker , Anne van der Molen , Johan Morren , Han Slootweg

Utilizing distribution grid flexibility for ancillary services requires the coordination and dispatch of requested active and reactive power to a large number of distributed energy resources in underlying grid layers. This paper presents an…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-18 Florian Klein-Helmkamp , Irina Zettl , Florian Schmidtke , Lukas Ortmann , Andreas Ulbig

In this paper, we propose a combined Online Feedback Optimization (OFO) and dynamic estimation approach for a real-time power grid operation under time-varying conditions. A dynamic estimation uses grid measurements to generate the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-17 Miguel Picallo , Dominic Liao-McPherson , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dörfler

We consider the problem of controlling the voltage of a distribution feeder using the reactive power capabilities of inverters. On a real distribution grid, we compare the local Volt/VAr droop control recommended in recent grid codes, a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-22 Lukas Ortmann , Adrian Hauswirth , Ivo Caduff , Florian Dörfler , Saverio Bolognani

In several applications of online optimization to networked systems such as power grids and robotic networks, information about the system model and its disturbances is not generally available. Within the optimization community, increasing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-09-01 Caio Kalil Lauand , Andrey Bernstein

The integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) into sub-transmission systems has enabled new opportunities for flexibility provision in ancillary services such as frequency and voltage support, as well as congestion management. This…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-17 Florian Klein-Helmkamp , Tina Möllemann , Irina Zettl , Andreas Ulbig

Online Feedback Optimization (OFO) controllers steer a system to its optimal operating point by treating optimization algorithms as auxiliary dynamic systems. Implementation of OFO controllers requires setting the parameters of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-12 Marta Zagorowska , Lukas Ortmann , Alisa Rupenyan , Mehmet Mercangoez , Lars Imsland

This paper develops a persistently exciting input generating Online Feedback Optimization (OFO) controller that estimates the sensitivity of a process ensuring minimal deviations from the descent direction while converging. This eliminates…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-27 Tore Gude , Marta Anna Zagorowska , Lars Struen Imsland

The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is increasing peak demand in distribution systems, which can threaten grid stability and reduce operational efficiency. Dynamic electricity pricing is a promising means of mitigating these…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-27 Jiarui Yu , Zhiyu He , Wenbin Wang , Colin N. Jones , Florian Dörfler , Hanmin Cai

Distribution grid flexibility is discussed as a possible measure in curative system operation, yielding a need for an efficient and robust coordination mechanism for the joint flexibility provision by individual units to the transmission…

Online Feedback Optimization (OFO) steers a dynamical plant to a cost-efficient steady-state, only relying on input-output sensitivity information, rather than on a full plant model. Unlike traditional feedforward approaches, OFO leverages…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-06 Mattia Bianchi , Florian Dörfler

This paper considers the problem of controlling inverter-interfaced distributed energy resources (DERs) in a distribution grid to solve an AC optimal power flow (OPF) problem in real time. The AC OPF includes voltage constraints, and seeks…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-16 Antonin Colot , Yiting Chen , Bertrand Cornelusse , Jorge Cortes , Emiliano Dall'Anese

Curative or remedial actions are the set of immediate actions intended to bring the power grid to a safe operating point after a contingency. The effectiveness of these actions is essential to guarantee curative N-1 security. Nowadays,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-19 Lukas Ortmann , Gianni Hotz , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dörfler

Online feedback optimization is a controller design paradigm for optimizing the steady-state behavior of a dynamical system. It employs an optimization algorithm as a dynamic feedback controller and utilizes real-time measurements to bypass…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-04-01 Wenbin Wang , Zhiyu He , Giuseppe Belgioioso , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dörfler
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