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The Shapley value has become popular in the Explainable AI (XAI) literature, thanks, to a large extent, to a solid theoretical foundation, including four "favourable and fair" axioms for attribution in transferable utility games. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Daniel Fryer , Inga Strümke , Hien Nguyen

Structural Causal Models (SCM) are a powerful framework for describing complicated dynamics across the natural sciences. A particularly elegant way of interpreting SCMs is do-Shapley, a game-theoretic method of quantifying the average…

Shapley effects are attracting increasing attention as sensitivity measures. When the value function is the conditional variance, they account for the individual and higher order effects of a model input. They are also well defined under…

Computation · Statistics 2021-10-13 Elmar Plischke , Giovanni Rabitti , Emanuele Borgonovo

In this paper the Shapley value of digraph (directed graph) games are considered. Digraph games are transferable utility (TU) games with limited cooperation among players, where players are represented by nodes. A restrictive relation…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2017-06-09 Krishna Khatri

The Shapley value, which is arguably the most popular approach for assigning a meaningful contribution value to players in a cooperative game, has recently been used intensively in explainable artificial intelligence. Its meaningfulness is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Patrick Kolpaczki , Viktor Bengs , Maximilian Muschalik , Eyke Hüllermeier

Originating in game theory, Shapley values are widely used for explaining a machine learning model's prediction by quantifying the contribution of each feature's value to the prediction. This requires a scalar prediction as in binary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Paul-Gauthier Noé , Miquel Perelló-Nieto , Jean-François Bonastre , Peter Flach

Shapley-like values, including the Shapley and Banzhaf values, provide a principled way to quantify how individual tuples contribute to a query result. Their exact computation, however, is intractable because it requires aggregating…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Amirhossein Alizad , Mostafa Milani

We introduce a new Shapley value approach for global sensitivity analysis and machine learning explainability. The method is based on the first-order partial derivatives of the underlying function. The computational complexity of the method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Hui Duan , Giray Ökten

A number of techniques have been proposed to explain a machine learning model's prediction by attributing it to the corresponding input features. Popular among these are techniques that apply the Shapley value method from cooperative game…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-29 Luke Merrick , Ankur Taly

Albeit the ubiquitous use of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) in machine learning (ML) prediction tasks involving graph-structured data, their interpretability remains challenging. In explainable artificial intelligence (XAI), the Shapley Value…

The resilience problem for a query and an input set or bag database is to compute the minimum number of facts to remove from the database to make the query false. In this paper, we study how to compute the resilience of Regular Path Queries…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Antoine Amarilli , Wolfgang Gatterbauer , Neha Makhija , Mikaël Monet , Martín Muñoz

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in systems that retrieve and summarize content from multiple sources, such as search engines and AI assistants. While these systems enhance user experience through coherent summaries, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Zikun Ye , Hema Yoganarasimhan

Despite the popularity of Shapley Values in explaining neural text classification models, computing them is prohibitive for large pretrained models due to a large number of model evaluations. In practice, Shapley Values are often estimated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Chenghao Yang , Fan Yin , He He , Kai-Wei Chang , Xiaofei Ma , Bing Xiang

We study the efficient computation of Shapley values for \emph{product games} -- cooperative games in which the coalition value factorizes as a product of per-player terms. Such games arise in machine learning explainability whenever the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Majid Mohammadi , Grigory Reznikov , Pavel Sinitcyn , Krikamol Muandet , Siu Lun Chau

Quantifying the inconsistency of a database is motivated by various goals including reliability estimation for new datasets and progress indication in data cleaning. Another goal is to attribute to individual tuples a level of…

Databases · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Ester Livshits , Benny Kimelfeld

Feature selection is a classical problem in statistics and machine learning, and it continues to remain an extremely challenging problem especially in the context of unknown non-linear relationships with dependent features. On the other…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-17 Chenghui Zheng , Garvesh Raskutti

The Shapley value concept from cooperative game theory has become a popular technique for interpreting ML models, but efficiently estimating these values remains challenging, particularly in the model-agnostic setting. Here, we revisit the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-26 Ian Covert , Su-In Lee

In Machine Learning, the $\mathsf{SHAP}$-score is a version of the Shapley value that is used to explain the result of a learned model on a specific entity by assigning a score to every feature. While in general computing Shapley values is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-03-31 Marcelo Arenas , Pablo Barceló , Leopoldo Bertossi , Mikaël Monet

This paper focuses on the fundamental challenge of partitioning input variables in attribution methods for Explainable AI, particularly in Shapley value-based approaches. Previous methods always compute attributions given a predefined…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Xinhao Zheng , Huiqi Deng , Quanshi Zhang

Graph neural networks (GNNs) are popular machine learning models for graphs with many applications across scientific domains. However, GNNs are considered black box models, and it is challenging to understand how the model makes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-20 Selahattin Akkas , Ariful Azad