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The dip is a feature in the diffuse spectrum of ultra-high energy (UHE) protons caused by electron-positron pair production on the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. For a power-law generation spectrum $E^{-2.7}$, the calculated…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-11 R. Aloisio , V. Berezinsky , P. Blasi , A. Gazizov , S. Grigorieva , B. Hnatyk

Cosmic rays scattering with neutrinos produced in supernovae induce a flux of supernova neutrinos boosted to high energies. We calculate the neutrino flux arising from this new mechanism in environments with large cosmic-ray and supernova…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2025-08-19 Gonzalo Herrera , Shunsaku Horiuchi

We present an updated version of the {\it SimProp} Monte Carlo code to study the propagation of ultra high energy cosmic rays in astrophysical backgrounds computing the cosmogenic neutrino fluxes expected on earth. The study of secondary…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-08-11 R. Aloisio , D. Boncioli , A. di Matteo , A. F. Grillo , S. Petrera , F. Salamida

The measurement of ultra-high energy cosmic rays is an unique way to study article interactions at energies which are well above the capability of current accelerators. Significant progress in this field has occurred during last years,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2010-01-12 R. Smida

We consider the hot spots in FR-II galaxies as sites of first order Fermi acceleration of protons to the highest energies observed in cosmic rays. We estimate the attainable maximum energy in the hot spot region allowed by the canonical…

Astrophysics · Physics 2011-05-23 Joerg P. Rachen , Peter L. Biermann

The shape of the longitudinal development of the showers generated in the atmosphere by very high energy cosmic ray particles encodes information about the mass composition of the flux, and about the properties of hadronic interactions that…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2021-05-19 Paolo Lipari

The sharp change in slope of the ultrahigh energy cosmic ray (UHECR) spectrum around 10^18.6 eV (the ankle), combined with evidence of a light but extragalactic component near and below the ankle and intermediate composition above, has…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-12-04 Michael Unger , Glennys R. Farrar , Luis A. Anchordoqui

Neutrinos in the cosmic ray flux with energies near 1 EeV and above are detectable with the Surface Detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory. We report here on searches through Auger data from 1 January 2004 until 20 June 2013. No…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-11-25 The Pierre Auger Collaboration , Alexander Aab , Pedro Abreu , Marco Aglietta , Eun-Joo Ahn , Imen Al Samarai , Ivone Albuquerque , Ingomar Allekotte , Patrick Allison , Alejandro Almela , Jesus Alvarez Castillo , Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz , Rafael Alves Batista , Michelangelo Ambrosio , Amin Aminaei , Luis Anchordoqui , Sofia Andringa , Carla Aramo , Victor Manuel Aranda , Fernando Arqueros , Nicusor Arsene , Hernán Gonzalo Asorey , Pedro Assis , Julien Aublin , Maximo Ave , Michel Avenier , Gualberto Avila , Nafiun Awal , Alina Mihaela Badescu , Kerri B Barber , Julia Bäuml , Colin Baus , Jim Beatty , Karl Heinz Becker , Jose A Bellido , Corinne Berat , Mario Edoardo Bertaina , Xavier Bertou , Peter Biermann , Pierre Billoir , Simon G Blaess , Alberto Blanco , Miguel Blanco , Carla Bleve , Hans Blümer , Martina Boháčová , Denise Boncioli , Carla Bonifazi , Nataliia Borodai , Jeffrey Brack , Iliana Brancus , Ariel Bridgeman , Pedro Brogueira , William C Brown , Peter Buchholz , Antonio Bueno , Stijn Buitink , Mario Buscemi , Karen S Caballero-Mora , Barbara Caccianiga , Lorenzo Caccianiga , Marina Candusso , Laurentiu Caramete , Rossella Caruso , Antonella Castellina , Gabriella Cataldi , Lorenzo Cazon , Rosanna Cester , Alan G Chavez , Andrea Chiavassa , Jose Augusto Chinellato , Jiri Chudoba , Marco Cilmo , Roger W Clay , Giuseppe Cocciolo , Roberta Colalillo , Alan Coleman , Laura Collica , Maria Rita Coluccia , Ruben Conceição , Fernando Contreras , Mathew J Cooper , Alain Cordier , Stephane Coutu , Corbin Covault , James Cronin , Richard Dallier , Bruno Daniel , Sergio Dasso , Kai Daumiller , Bruce R Dawson , Rogerio M de Almeida , Sijbrand J de Jong , Giuseppe De Mauro , Joao de Mello Neto , Ivan De Mitri , Jaime de Oliveira , Vitor de Souza , Luis del Peral , Olivier Deligny , Hans Dembinski , Niraj Dhital , Claudio Di Giulio , Armando Di Matteo , Johana Chirinos Diaz , Mary Lucia Díaz Castro , Francisco Diogo , Carola Dobrigkeit , Wendy Docters , Juan Carlos D'Olivo , Alexei Dorofeev , Qader Dorosti Hasankiadeh , Maria Teresa Dova , Jan Ebr , Ralph Engel , Martin Erdmann , Mona Erfani , Carlos O Escobar , Joao Espadanal , Alberto Etchegoyen , Heino Falcke , Ke Fang , Glennys Farrar , Anderson Fauth , Norberto Fazzini , Andrew P Ferguson , Mateus Fernandes , Brian Fick , Juan Manuel Figueira , Alberto Filevich , Andrej Filipčič , Brendan Fox , Octavian Fratu , Martín Miguel Freire , Benjamin Fuchs , Toshihiro Fujii , Beatriz García , Diego Garcia-Pinto , Florian Gate , Hartmut Gemmeke , Alexandru Gherghel-Lascu , Piera Luisa Ghia , Ugo Giaccari , Marco Giammarchi , Maria Giller , Dariusz Głas , Christian Glaser , Henry Glass , Geraldina Golup , Mariano Gómez Berisso , Primo F Gómez Vitale , Nicolás González , Ben Gookin , Jacob Gordon , Alessio Gorgi , Peter Gorham , Philippe Gouffon , Nathan Griffith , Aurelio Grillo , Trent D Grubb , Yann Guardincerri , Fausto Guarino , Germano Guedes , Matías Rolf Hampel , Patricia Hansen , Diego Harari , Thomas A Harrison , Sebastian Hartmann , John Harton , Andreas Haungs , Thomas Hebbeker , Dieter Heck , Philipp Heimann , Alexander E Herve , Gary C Hill , Carlos Hojvat , Nicholas Hollon , Ewa Holt , Piotr Homola , Jörg Hörandel , Pavel Horvath , Miroslav Hrabovský , Daniel Huber , Tim Huege , Antonio Insolia , Paula Gina Isar , Ingolf Jandt , Stefan Jansen , Cecilia Jarne , Jeffrey A Johnsen , Mariela Josebachuili , Alex Kääpä , Olga Kambeitz , Karl Heinz Kampert , Peter Kasper , Igor Katkov , Balazs Kégl , Bianca Keilhauer , Azadeh Keivani , Ernesto Kemp , Roger Kieckhafer , Hans Klages , Matthias Kleifges , Jonny Kleinfeller , Raphael Krause , Nicole Krohm , Oliver Krömer , Daniel Kuempel , Norbert Kunka , Danielle LaHurd , Luca Latronico , Robert Lauer , Markus Lauscher , Pascal Lautridou , Sandra Le Coz , Didier Lebrun , Paul Lebrun , Marcelo Augusto Leigui de Oliveira , Antoine Letessier-Selvon , Isabelle Lhenry-Yvon , Katrin Link , Luis Lopes , Rebeca López , Aida López Casado , Karim Louedec , Lu Lu , Agustin Lucero , Max Malacari , Simone Maldera , Manuela Mallamaci , Jennifer Maller , Dusan Mandat , Paul Mantsch , Analisa Mariazzi , Vincent Marin , Ioana Mariş , Giovanni Marsella , Daniele Martello , Lilian Martin , Humberto Martinez , Oscar Martínez Bravo , Diane Martraire , Jimmy Masías Meza , Hermann-Josef Mathes , Sebastian Mathys , James Matthews , John Matthews , Giorgio Matthiae , Detlef Maurel , Daniela Maurizio , Eric Mayotte , Peter Mazur , Carlos Medina , Gustavo Medina-Tanco , Rebecca Meissner , Victor Mello , Diego Melo , Alexander Menshikov , Stefano Messina , Rishi Meyhandan , Maria Isabel Micheletti , Lukas Middendorf , Ignacio A Minaya , Lino Miramonti , Bogdan Mitrica , Laura Molina-Bueno , Silvia Mollerach , François Montanet , Carlo Morello , Miguel Mostafá , Celio A Moura , Marcio Aparecido Muller , Gero Müller , Sarah Müller , Roberto Mussa , Gianni Navarra , Jose Luis Navarro , Sergio Navas , Petr Necesal , Lukas Nellen , Anna Nelles , Jens Neuser , Phong H Nguyen , Mihai Niculescu-Oglinzanu , Marcus Niechciol , Lukas Niemietz , Tim Niggemann , Dave Nitz , Dalibor Nosek , Vladimir Novotny , Lyberis Nožka , Livingstone Ochilo , Foteini Oikonomou , Angela Olinto , Noelia Pacheco , Daniel Pakk Selmi-Dei , Miroslav Palatka , Juan Pallotta , Philipp Papenbreer , Gonzalo Parente , Alejandra Parra , Thomas Paul , Miroslav Pech , Jan Pękala , Rodrigo Pelayo , Iuri Pepe , Lorenzo Perrone , Emily Petermann , Christine Peters , Sergio Petrera , Yevgeniy Petrov , Jamyang Phuntsok , Ricardo Piegaia , Tanguy Pierog , Pablo Pieroni , Mário Pimenta , Valerio Pirronello , Manuel Platino , Matthias Plum , Alessio Porcelli , Czeslaw Porowski , Raul Ribeiro Prado , Paolo Privitera , Michael Prouza , Victor Purrello , Eduardo J Quel , Sven Querchfeld , Sean Quinn , Julian Rautenberg , Olivier Ravel , Diego Ravignani , Benoît Revenu , Jan Ridky , Simone Riggi , Markus Risse , Pablo Ristori , Vincenzo Rizi , Washington Rodrigues de Carvalho , Gonzalo Rodriguez Fernandez , Jorge Rubén Rodriguez Rojo , Maria Dolores Rodríguez-Frías , Dmytro Rogozin , Jaime Rosado , Markus Roth , Esteban Roulet , Adrian Rovero , Steven J Saffi , Alexandra Saftoiu , Francesco Salamida , Humberto Salazar , Ahmed Saleh , Francisco Salesa Greus , Gaetano Salina , Federico Sánchez , Patricia Sanchez-Lucas , Edivaldo Moura Santos , Eva Santos , Fred Sarazin , Biswaijt Sarkar , Raul Sarmento , Ricardo Sato , Carlos Scarso , Markus Schauer , Viviana Scherini , Harald Schieler , Peter Schiffer , David Schmidt , Olaf Scholten , Harm Schoorlemmer , Petr Schovánek , Frank G Schröder , Alexander Schulz , Johannes Schulz , Johannes Schumacher , Sergio Sciutto , Alberto Segreto , Mariangela Settimo , Amir Shadkam , Ronald C Shellard , Iván Sidelnik , Guenter Sigl , Octavian Sima , Andrzej Śmiałkowski , Radomir Šmída , Gregory Snow , Paul Sommers , J Sorokin , Ruben Squartini , Yogendra N Srivastava , Denis Stanca , Samo Stanič , James Stapleton , Jaroslaw Stasielak , Maurice Stephan , Anne Stutz , Federico Suarez , Tiina Suomijärvi , A Daniel Supanitsky , Michael Sutherland , John Swain , Zbigniew Szadkowski , Oscar Alejandro Taborda , Alex Tapia , Andreas Tepe , Vanessa Menezes Theodoro , Javier Tiffenberg , Charles Timmermans , Carlos J Todero Peixoto , Gabriel Toma , Lenka Tomankova , Bernardo Tomé , Aurelio Tonachini , Guillermo Torralba Elipe , Diego Torres Machado , Petr Travnicek , Ralf Ulrich , Michael Unger , Martin Urban , Jose F Valdés Galicia , Ines Valiño , Laura Valore , Guus van Aar , Patrick van Bodegom , Ad M van den Berg , Sjoert van Velzen , Arjen van Vliet , Enrique Varela , Bernardo Vargas Cárdenas , Gary Varner , Rafael Vasquez , Jose R Vázquez , Ricardo Vázquez , Darko Veberič , Valerio Verzi , Jakub Vicha , Mariela Videla , Luis Villaseñor , Brian Vlcek , Serguei Vorobiov , Hernan Wahlberg , Oscar Wainberg , David Walz , Alan Watson , Marc Weber , Klaus Weidenhaupt , Andreas Weindl , Felix Werner , Allan Widom , Lawrence Wiencke , Henryk Wilczyński , Tobias Winchen , David Wittkowski , Brian Wundheiler , Sarka Wykes , Lili Yang , Tolga Yapici , Alexey Yushkov , Enrique Zas , Danilo Zavrtanik , Marko Zavrtanik , Arnulfo Zepeda , Yue Zhu , Benedikt Zimmermann , Michael Ziolkowski , Francesca Zuccarello

Cosmic rays (CRs) are protons and atomic nuclei that flow into our Solar system and reach the Earth with energies of up to ~10^21 eV. The sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) with E >~ 10^19 eV remain unknown, although there…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-19 Alexander Khanin , Daniel Mortlock

In this paper we review the extragalactic propagation of ultrahigh energy cosmic-rays (UHECR). We present the different energy loss processes of protons and nuclei, and their expected influence on energy evolution of the UHECR spectrum and…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-03 Denis Allard

The production of energetic particles in the universe remains one of the great mysteries of modern science. The mechanisms of acceleration in astrophysical sources and the details about the propagation through the galactic and extragalactic…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-08-06 C. J. Todero Peixoto , Vitor de Souza , Peter L. Biermann

Observations of TeV--PeV-energy cosmic neutrinos by the IceCube observatory have suggested that extragalactic cosmic-ray sources should have an optical depth greater than $\sim$0.01 and contribute to more than 10\% of the observed bulk of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2016-12-16 Shigeru Yoshida

Several gamma-ray observatories have discovered photons of cosmic origin with energies in the PeV ($10^{15}\,\text{eV}$) range. Photons at these energies might be produced as by-products from particle acceleration in so-called PeVatrons,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2024-12-24 Marcus Niechciol , Chiara Papior , Markus Risse

We present the spectrum of cosmic rays with energies above 2.5 EeV measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory after 19 years of operation, covering the period before the AugerPrime upgrade. Two independent event sets from the surface array of…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-07-22 Diego Ravignani

In this contribution we summarize the highlights from the Pierre Auger Observatory presented at the 35th International Cosmic Ray Conference. We discuss the update of the measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays over a wide range…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-11-02 Michael Unger

Data collected at the Pierre Auger Observatory are used to establish an upper limit on the diffuse flux of tau neutrinos in the cosmic radiation. Earth-skimming $\nu_{\tau}$ may interact in the Earth's crust and produce a $\tau$ lepton by…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2012-08-27 The Pierre Auger Collaboration

Recent advances in measuring and interpreting cosmic rays from the spectral ankle to the highest energies are briefly reviewed. A knee of heavy primaries and an ankle of light primaries have been observed at about 10^{17} eV. The light…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2014-04-28 Karl-Heinz Kampert

(Abridged) Recent results from the Pierre Auger Observatory (PAO) indicate that the composition of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) with energies above $10^{19}$ eV may be dominated by heavy nuclei. An important question is whether…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2015-06-04 Hajime Takami , Susumu Inoue , Tokonatsu Yamamoto

Astroparticles offer a new path for research in the field of particle physics, allowing investigations at energies above those accesible with accelerators. Ultra-high energy cosmic rays can be studied via the observation of the showers they…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2019-08-21 Analisa Mariazzi

We present a combined fit of a simple astrophysical model of UHECR sources to both the energy spectrum and mass composition data measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory. The fit has been performed for energies above $5 \cdot 10^{18}$ eV,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2018-02-27 The Pierre Auger Collaboration , A. Aab , P. Abreu , M. Aglietta , I. Al Samarai , I. F. M. Albuquerque , I. Allekotte , A. Almela , J. Alvarez Castillo , J. Alvarez-Muñiz , G. A. Anastasi , L. Anchordoqui , B. Andrada , S. Andringa , C. Aramo , F. Arqueros , N. Arsene , H. Asorey , P. Assis , J. Aublin , G. Avila , A. M. Badescu , A. Balaceanu , R. J. Barreira Luz , J. J. Beatty , K. H. Becker , J. A. Bellido , C. Berat , M. E. Bertaina , X. Bertou , P. L. Biermann , P. Billoir , J. Biteau , S. G. Blaess , A. Blanco , J. Blazek , C. Bleve , M. Boháčová , D. Boncioli , C. Bonifazi , N. Borodai , A. M. Botti , J. Brack , I. Brancus , T. Bretz , A. Bridgeman , F. L. Briechle , P. Buchholz , A. Bueno , S. Buitink , M. Buscemi , K. S. Caballero-Mora , L. Caccianiga , A. Cancio , F. Canfora , L. Caramete , R. Caruso , A. Castellina , G. Cataldi , L. Cazon , A. G. Chavez , J. A. Chinellato , J. Chudoba , R. W. Clay , R. Colalillo , A. Coleman , L. Collica , M. R. Coluccia , R. Conceição , F. Contreras , M. J. Cooper , S. Coutu , C. E. Covault , J. Cronin , S. D'Amico , B. Daniel , S. Dasso , K. Daumiller , B. R. Dawson , R. M. de Almeida , S. J. de Jong , G. De Mauro , J. R. T. de Mello Neto , I. De Mitri , J. de Oliveira , V. de Souza , J. Debatin , O. Deligny , C. Di Giulio , A. Di Matteo , M. L. Díaz Castro , F. Diogo , C. Dobrigkeit , J. C. D'Olivo , Q. Dorosti , R. C. dos Anjos , M. T. Dova , A. Dundovic , J. Ebr , R. Engel , M. Erdmann , M. Erfani , C. O. Escobar , J. Espadanal , A. Etchegoyen , H. Falcke , G. Farrar , A. C. Fauth , N. Fazzini , B. Fick , J. M. Figueira , A. Filipčič , O. Fratu , M. M. Freire , T. Fujii , A. Fuster , R. Gaior , B. García , D. Garcia-Pinto , F. Gaté , H. Gemmeke , A. Gherghel-Lascu , P. L. Ghia , U. Giaccari , M. Giammarchi , M. Giller , D. Głas , C. Glaser , G. Golup , M. Gómez Berisso , P. F. Gómez Vitale , N. González , A. Gorgi , P. Gorham , A. F. Grillo , T. D. Grubb , F. Guarino , G. P. Guedes , M. R. Hampel , P. Hansen , D. Harari , T. A. Harrison , J. L. Harton , A. Haungs , T. Hebbeker , D. Heck , P. Heimann , A. E. Herve , G. C. Hill , C. Hojvat , E. Holt , P. Homola , J. R. Hörandel , P. Horvath , M. Hrabovský , T. Huege , J. Hulsman , A. Insolia , P. G. Isar , I. Jandt , S. Jansen , J. A. Johnsen , M. Josebachuili , A. Kääpä , O. Kambeitz , K. H. Kampert , I. Katkov , B. Keilhauer , E. Kemp , J. Kemp , R. M. Kieckhafer , H. O. Klages , M. Kleifges , J. Kleinfeller , R. Krause , N. Krohm , D. Kuempel , G. Kukec Mezek , N. Kunka , A. Kuotb Awad , D. LaHurd , M. Lauscher , R. Legumina , M. A. Leigui de Oliveira , A. Letessier-Selvon , I. Lhenry-Yvon , K. Link , L. Lopes , R. López , A. López Casado , Q. Luce , A. Lucero , M. Malacari , M. Mallamaci , D. Mandat , P. Mantsch , A. G. Mariazzi , I. C. Mariş , G. Marsella , D. Martello , H. Martinez , O. Martínez Bravo , J. J. Masías Meza , H. J. Mathes , S. Mathys , J. Matthews , J. A. J. Matthews , G. Matthiae , E. Mayotte , P. O. Mazur , C. Medina , G. Medina-Tanco , D. Melo , A. Menshikov , M. I. Micheletti , L. Middendorf , I. A. Minaya , L. Miramonti , B. Mitrica , D. Mockler , S. Mollerach , F. Montanet , C. Morello , M. Mostafá , A. L. Müller , G. Müller , M. A. Muller , S. Müller , R. Mussa , I. Naranjo , L. Nellen , P. H. Nguyen , M. Niculescu-Oglinzanu , M. Niechciol , L. Niemietz , T. Niggemann , D. Nitz , D. Nosek , V. Novotny , H. Nožka , L. A. Núñez , L. Ochilo , F. Oikonomou , A. Olinto , M. Palatka , J. Pallotta , P. Papenbreer , G. Parente , A. Parra , T. Paul , M. Pech , F. Pedreira , J. Pękala , R. Pelayo , J. Peña-Rodriguez , L. A. S. Pereira , M. Perlín , L. Perrone , C. Peters , S. Petrera , J. Phuntsok , R. Piegaia , T. Pierog , P. Pieroni , M. Pimenta , V. Pirronello , M. Platino , M. Plum , C. Porowski , R. R. Prado , P. Privitera , M. Prouza , E. J. Quel , S. Querchfeld , S. Quinn , R. Ramos-Pollan , J. Rautenberg , D. Ravignani , B. Revenu , J. Ridky , M. Risse , P. Ristori , V. Rizi , W. Rodrigues de Carvalho , G. Rodriguez Fernandez , J. Rodriguez Rojo , D. Rogozin , M. J. Roncoroni , M. Roth , E. Roulet , A. C. Rovero , P. Ruehl , S. J. Saffi , A. Saftoiu , F. Salamida , H. Salazar , A. Saleh , F. Salesa Greus , G. Salina , F. Sánchez , P. Sanchez-Lucas , E. M. Santos , E. Santos , F. Sarazin , R. Sarmento , C. A. Sarmiento , R. Sato , M. Schauer , V. Scherini , H. Schieler , M. Schimp , D. Schmidt , O. Scholten , P. Schovánek , F. G. Schröder , A. Schulz , J. Schulz , J. Schumacher , S. J. Sciutto , A. Segreto , M. Settimo , A. Shadkam , R. C. Shellard , G. Sigl , G. Silli , O. Sima , A. Śmiałkowski , R. Šmída , G. R. Snow , P. Sommers , S. Sonntag , J. Sorokin , R. Squartini , D. Stanca , S. Stanič , J. Stasielak , P. Stassi , F. Strafella , F. Suarez , M. Suarez Durán , T. Sudholz , T. Suomijärvi , A. D. Supanitsky , J. Swain , Z. Szadkowski , A. Taboada , O. A. Taborda , A. Tapia , V. M. Theodoro , C. Timmermans , C. J. Todero Peixoto , L. Tomankova , B. Tomé , G. Torralba Elipe , P. Travnicek , M. Trini , R. Ulrich , M. Unger , M. Urban , J. F. Valdés Galicia , I. Valiño , L. Valore , G. van Aar , P. van Bodegom , A. M. van den Berg , A. van Vliet , E. Varela , B. Vargas Cárdenas , G. Varner , J. R. Vázquez , R. A. Vázquez , D. Veberič , I. D. Vergara Quispe , V. Verzi , J. Vicha , L. Villaseñor , S. Vorobiov , H. Wahlberg , O. Wainberg , D. Walz , A. A. Watson , M. Weber , A. Weindl , L. Wiencke , H. Wilczyński , T. Winchen , M. Wirtz , D. Wittkowski , B. Wundheiler , L. Yang , D. Yelos , A. Yushkov , E. Zas , D. Zavrtanik , M. Zavrtanik , A. Zepeda , B. Zimmermann , M. Ziolkowski , Z. Zong , F. Zuccarello