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The complicated syntax structure of natural language is hard to be explicitly modeled by sequence-based models. Graph is a natural structure to describe the complicated relation between tokens. The recent advance in Graph Neural Networks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Wei Li , Shuheng Li , Shuming Ma , Yancheng He , Deli Chen , Xu Sun

Graph neural networks (GNNs) work remarkably well in semi-supervised node regression, yet a rigorous theory explaining when and why they succeed remains lacking. To address this gap, we study an aggregate-and-readout model that encompasses…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-20 Juntong Chen , Claire Donnat , Olga Klopp , Johannes Schmidt-Hieber

While Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved remarkable results in a variety of applications, recent studies exposed important shortcomings in their ability to capture the structure of the underlying graph. It has been shown that the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Giorgos Bouritsas , Fabrizio Frasca , Stefanos Zafeiriou , Michael M. Bronstein

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have become pivotal tools for processing graph-structured data, leveraging the message passing scheme as their core mechanism. However, traditional GNNs often grapple with issues such as instability,…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-20 Yuanhong Jiang , Dongmian Zou , Xiaoqun Zhang , Yu Guang Wang

Graph neural networks (GNNs) fuel diverse machine learning tasks involving graph-structured data, ranging from predicting protein structures to serving personalized recommendations. Real-world graph data must often be stored distributed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Aashish Kolluri , Sarthak Choudhary , Bryan Hooi , Prateek Saxena

Graph Convolution Networks (GCN) are widely used in learning graph representations due to their effectiveness and efficiency. However, they suffer from the notorious over-smoothing problem, in which the learned representations of densely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Xin Xin , Alexandros Karatzoglou , Ioannis Arapakis , Joemon M. Jose

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) excel at analyzing graph-structured data but struggle on heterophilic graphs, where connected nodes often belong to different classes. While this challenge is commonly addressed with specialized GNN…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Harel Mendelman , Haggai Maron , Ronen Talmon

Graph Neural Network (GNN) resembles the diffusion process, leading to the over-smoothing of learned representations when stacking many layers. Hence, the reverse process of message passing can produce the distinguishable node…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2024-06-12 MoonJeong Park , Jaeseung Heo , Dongwoo Kim

Existing approaches for graph neural networks commonly suffer from the oversmoothing issue, regardless of how neighborhoods are aggregated. Most methods also focus on transductive scenarios for fixed graphs, leading to poor generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-25 Kyuyong Shin , Wonyoung Shin , Jung-Woo Ha , Sunyoung Kwon

While Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have achieved enormous success in multiple graph analytical tasks, modern variants mostly rely on the strong inductive bias of homophily. However, real-world networks typically exhibit both homophilic and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Jingwei Guo , Kaizhu Huang , Rui Zhang , Xinping Yi

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have emerged as a cornerstone of deep learning, with most existing methods rooted in graph signal processing and diffusion equations to model message passing. However, these approaches inherently suffer from the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zexing Zhao , Guangsi Shi , Yu Gong , Tianyu Wang , Shirui Pan , Hongye Cheng , Yuxiao Li

While (message-passing) graph neural networks have clear limitations in approximating permutation-equivariant functions over graphs or general relational data, more expressive, higher-order graph neural networks do not scale to large…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-31 Christopher Morris , Gaurav Rattan , Sandra Kiefer , Siamak Ravanbakhsh

While Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been successfully leveraged for learning on graph-structured data across domains, several potential pitfalls have been described recently. Those include the inability to accurately leverage…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Lukas Fesser , Melanie Weber

Graph-based message-passing neural networks (MPNNs) have achieved remarkable success in both node and graph-level learning tasks. However, several identified problems, including over-smoothing (OSM), limited expressive power, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Dai Shi , Andi Han , Lequan Lin , Yi Guo , Junbin Gao

Recently Graph Neural Network (GNN) has been applied successfully to various NLP tasks that require reasoning, such as multi-hop machine reading comprehension. In this paper, we consider a novel case where reasoning is needed over graphs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-13 Ming Tu , Jing Huang , Xiaodong He , Bowen Zhou

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are routinely used in molecular physics, social sciences, and economics to model many-body interactions in graph-like systems. However, GNNs are inherently local and can suffer from information flow bottlenecks.…

Computational Physics · Physics 2025-02-21 Alessandro Caruso , Jacopo Venturin , Lorenzo Giambagli , Edoardo Rolando , Frank Noé , Cecilia Clementi

We introduce an architecture for processing signals supported on hypergraphs via graph neural networks (GNNs), which we call a Hyper-graph Expansion Neural Network (HENN), and provide the first bounds on the stability and transferability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Mikhail Hayhoe , Hans Riess , Victor M. Preciado , Alejandro Ribeiro

The ability of message-passing neural networks (MPNNs) to fit complex functions over graphs is limited as most graph convolutions amplify the same signal across all feature channels, a phenomenon known as rank collapse, and over-smoothing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Andreas Roth , Franka Bause , Nils M. Kriege , Thomas Liebig

The Graph Neural Network (GNN) has been widely used for graph data representation. However, the existing researches only consider the ideal balanced dataset, and the imbalanced dataset is rarely considered. Traditional methods such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-10 S. Shi , Kai Qiao , Shuai Yang , L. Wang , J. Chen , Bin Yan

Message Passing Neural Networks (MPNNs) is the building block of graph foundation models, but fundamentally suffer from oversmoothing and oversquashing. There has recently been a surge of interest in fixing both issues. Existing efforts…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Li Sun , Zhenhao Huang , Ming Zhang , Philip S. Yu