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Recent advancements have established Reinforcement Learning (RL) as a pivotal paradigm for aligning generative models with human intent. However, group-based optimization frameworks (e.g., GRPO) face a critical limitation: the rapid decay…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Sujie Hu , Chubin Chen , Jiashu Zhu , Jiahong Wu , Xiangxiang Chu , Xiu Li

We introduce PEPO (Pessimistic Ensemble based Preference Optimization), a single-step Direct Preference Optimization (DPO)-like algorithm to mitigate the well-known over-optimization issue in preference learning without requiring the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Adam Barla , Emanuele Nevali , Luca Viano , Volkan Cevher

Lead optimization in drug discovery requires efficiently navigating vast chemical space through iterative cycles to enhance molecular properties while preserving structural similarity to the original lead compound. Despite recent advances,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Ziqing Wang , Yibo Wen , William Pattie , Xiao Luo , Weimin Wu , Jerry Yao-Chieh Hu , Abhishek Pandey , Han Liu , Kaize Ding

Reinforcement learning (RL) is already widely applied to applications such as robotics, but it is only sparsely used in sensor management. In this paper, we apply the popular Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) approach to a multi-agent UAV…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-10-21 André Brandenburger , Folker Hoffmann , Alexander Charlish

Recent years have witnessed a tremendous improvement of deep reinforcement learning. However, a challenging problem is that an agent may suffer from inefficient exploration, particularly for on-policy methods. Previous exploration methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-17 Ling Pan , Qingpeng Cai , Longbo Huang

Tremendous progress has been made in reinforcement learning (RL) over the past decade. Most of these advancements came through the continual development of new algorithms, which were designed using a combination of mathematical derivations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Chris Lu , Jakub Grudzien Kuba , Alistair Letcher , Luke Metz , Christian Schroeder de Witt , Jakob Foerster

Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) methods learn a policy by iteratively performing multiple mini-batch optimization epochs of a surrogate objective with one set of sampled data. Ratio clipping PPO is a popular variant that clips the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-02 Mingfei Sun , Vitaly Kurin , Guoqing Liu , Sam Devlin , Tao Qin , Katja Hofmann , Shimon Whiteson

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has become a core post-training recipe. Introducing suitable off-policy trajectories into on-policy exploration accelerates RLVR convergence and raises the performance ceiling, yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Chuanyu Qin , Chenxu Yang , Qingyi Si , Naibin Gu , Dingyu Yao , Zheng Lin , Peng Fu , Nan Duan , Jiaqi Wang

Reinforcement learning algorithms such as group-relative policy optimization (GRPO) have shown strong potential for improving the mathematical reasoning capabilities of large language models. While a growing body of work seeks to improve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wenquan Lu , Hai Huang , Enqi Liu , Randall Balestriero

Training reinforcement learning (RL) policies for legged robots remains challenging due to high-dimensional continuous actions, hardware constraints, and limited exploration. Existing methods for locomotion and whole-body control work well…

End-to-end autonomous driving has substantially progressed by directly predicting future trajectories from raw perception inputs, which bypasses traditional modular pipelines. However, mainstream methods trained via imitation learning…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Shuyao Shang , Yuntao Chen , Yuqi Wang , Yingyan Li , Zhaoxiang Zhang

Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a ubiquitous on-policy reinforcement learning algorithm but is significantly less utilized than off-policy learning algorithms in multi-agent settings. This is often due to the belief that PPO is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-07 Chao Yu , Akash Velu , Eugene Vinitsky , Jiaxuan Gao , Yu Wang , Alexandre Bayen , Yi Wu

The key to building trustworthy large language models (LLMs) lies in endowing them with inherent uncertainty expression capabilities, thereby mitigating overconfident errors in high-stakes applications. However, existing RL paradigms such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Xianzhou Zeng , Jing Huang , Chunmei Xie , Gongrui Nan , Siye Chen , Mengyu Lu , Weiqi Xiong , Qixuan Zhou , Junhao Zhang , Qiang Zhu , Yadong Li , Xingzhong Xu

In this paper, we implement three state-of-art continuous reinforcement learning algorithms, Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG), Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) and Policy Gradient (PG)in portfolio management. All of them are…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2018-11-20 Zhipeng Liang , Hao Chen , Junhao Zhu , Kangkang Jiang , Yanran Li

This paper proposes Proximal Policy Optimization with Linear Temporal Logic Constraints (PPO-LTL), a framework that integrates safety constraints written in LTL into PPO for safe reinforcement learning. LTL constraints offer rigorous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Maifang Zhang , Hang Yu , Qian Zuo , Cheng Wang , Vaishak Belle , Fengxiang He

Trust region policy optimization (TRPO) is a popular and empirically successful policy search algorithm in Reinforcement Learning (RL) in which a surrogate problem, that restricts consecutive policies to be 'close' to one another, is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-13 Lior Shani , Yonathan Efroni , Shie Mannor

Classical reinforcement learning (RL) aims to optimize the expected cumulative rewards. In this work, we consider the RL setting where the goal is to optimize the quantile of the cumulative rewards. We parameterize the policy controlling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-17 Jinyang Jiang , Jiaqiao Hu , Yijie Peng

Bootstrapping large language models (LLMs) through preference-based policy optimization offers a promising direction for aligning model behavior with human preferences without relying on extensive manual annotations. In this work, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Chen Jia

Residual policy learning (RPL), in which a learned policy refines a static base policy using deep reinforcement learning (DRL), has shown strong performance across various robotic applications. Its effectiveness is particularly evident in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Raphael Trumpp , Denis Hoornaert , Mirco Theile , Marco Caccamo

Recent advancements in post-training methodologies for large language models (LLMs) have highlighted reinforcement learning (RL) as a critical component for enhancing reasoning. However, the substantial computational costs associated with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Songjun Tu , Jiahao Lin , Xiangyu Tian , Qichao Zhang , Linjing Li , Yuqian Fu , Nan Xu , Wei He , Xiangyuan Lan , Dongmei Jiang , Dongbin Zhao