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Scalable characterization of quantum processors is crucial for mitigating noise and imperfections. While randomized measurement protocols enable efficient access to local observables, inferring a globally consistent description of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-10 Zidu Liu , Dominik S. Wild

The success of modern deep learning hinges on the ability to train neural networks at scale. Through clever reuse of intermediate information, backpropagation facilitates training through gradient computation at a total cost roughly…

We introduce a low-overhead approach for detecting errors in arbitrary Clifford circuits on arbitrary qubit connectivities. Our method is based on the framework of spacetime codes, and is particularly suited to near-term hardware since it…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-23 Simon Martiel , Ali Javadi-Abhari

Modeling and simulation is essential for predicting and verifying the behavior of fabricated quantum circuits, but existing simulation methods are either impractically costly or require an unrealistic simplification of error processes. We…

Reversing unitary operations is a key task in quantum computing and quantum control. In this work, we introduce and develop the framework of shadow unitary inversion, a relaxed variant of unitary inversion in which the goal is to reproduce…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Guocheng Zhen , Yu-Ao Chen , Mingrui Jing , Jingu Xie , Ranyiliu Chen , Xin Wang

A central challenge in the verification of quantum computers is benchmarking their performance as a whole and demonstrating their computational capabilities. In this work, we find a universal model of quantum computation, Bell sampling,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-10 Dominik Hangleiter , Michael J. Gullans

As quantum devices progress towards a quantum advantage regime, they become harder to benchmark. A particularly relevant challenge is to assess the quality of the whole computation, beyond testing the performance of each single operation.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-03 Flavio Baccari , Pavel Kos , Georgios Styliaris

The performance of quantum algorithms for ground-state energy estimation is directly impacted by the quality of the initial state, where quality is traditionally defined in terms of the overlap of the input state with the target state. An…

In a recent work a quantum error mitigation protocol was applied to the expectation values obtained from circuits on the IBM Eagle quantum processor with up $127$ - qubits with up to $60 \; - \; \mbox{CNOT}$ layers. To benchmark the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-03 Sajant Anand , Kristan Temme , Abhinav Kandala , Michael Zaletel

Simulating large quantum systems is the ultimate goal of quantum computing. Variational quantum simulation (VQS) gives us a tool to achieve the goal in near-term devices by distributing the computation load to both classical and quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-10 Kouhei Nakaji , Suguru Endo , Yuichiro Matsuzaki , Hideaki Hakoshima

A general quantum circuit can be simulated classically in exponential time. If it has a planar layout, then a tensor-network contraction algorithm due to Markov and Shi has a runtime exponential in the square root of its size, or more…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-14 David Gosset , Daniel Grier , Alex Kerzner , Luke Schaeffer

Efficient estimation of nonlinear properties is a significant yet challenging task from quantum information processing to many-body physics. Current methodologies often suffer from an exponential sampling cost or require auxiliary qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-03 Qing Liu , Zihao Li , Xiao Yuan , Huangjun Zhu , You Zhou

Mitigating errors in quantum information processing devices is especially important in the absence of fault tolerance. An effective method in suppressing state-preparation errors is using multiple copies to distill the ideal component from…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-26 Alireza Seif , Ze-Pei Cian , Sisi Zhou , Senrui Chen , Liang Jiang

We compare four polynomial-resource measurement strategies, (I) $Z$-basis-only, (II) nearest-neighbor $ZZ$ (NN), (III) multi-basis ($Z$, $X$, $Y$), and (IV) classical shadows, for classifying three quantum circuit families: IQP, Clifford,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Andrew Maciejunes , Ross Gore , Sachin Shetty , Barry Ezell

Quantum magic is a necessary resource for quantum computers to be not efficiently simulable by classical computers. Previous results have linked the amount of quantum magic, characterized by the number of $T$ gates or stabilizer rank, to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-07 Yifan Zhang , Yuxuan Zhang

We characterize control of a qutrit implemented in the lowest three energy levels of a capacitively-shunted flux-biased superconducting circuit. Randomized benchmarking over the qutrit Clifford group yields an average fidelity of 98.89…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-28 M. Kononenko , M. A. Yurtalan , S. Ren , J. Shi , S. Ashhab , A. Lupascu

Randomised measurements can efficiently characterise many-body quantum states by learning the expectation values of observables with low Pauli weights. In this paper, we generalise the theoretical tools of classical shadow tomography to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-05 Gregory A. L. White , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg , Charles D. Hill , Kavan Modi

We present novel algorithms to estimate outcomes for qubit quantum circuits. Notably, these methods can simulate a Clifford circuit in linear time without ever writing down stabilizer states explicitly. These algorithms outperform previous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-03 Patrick Rall , Daniel Liang , Jeremy Cook , William Kretschmer

Among the cost metrics characterizing a quantum circuit, the $T$-count stands out as one of the most crucial as its minimization is particularly important in various areas of quantum computation such as fault-tolerant quantum computing and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-17 Vivien Vandaele

Sampling unitary Fermionic Linear Optics (FLO), or matchgate circuits, has become a fundamental tool in quantum information. Such capability enables a large number of applications ranging from randomized benchmarking of continuous gate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-02 Paolo Braccia , N. L. Diaz , Martin Larocca , M. Cerezo , Diego García-Martín
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