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Owing to the increasing need for massive data analysis and model training at the network edge, as well as the rising concerns about the data privacy, a new distributed training framework called federated learning (FL) has emerged. In each…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-11-05 Wenqi Shi , Sheng Zhou , Zhisheng Niu

Federated Learning (FL) and Split Learning (SL) are privacy-preserving Machine-Learning (ML) techniques that enable training ML models over data distributed among clients without requiring direct access to their raw data. Existing FL and SL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Ali Abedi , Shehroz S. Khan

Many studies integrate federated learning (FL) with self-supervised learning (SSL) to take advantage of raw data distributed across edge devices. However, edge devices often struggle with high computational and communication costs imposed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Ye Lin Tun , Chu Myaet Thwal , Huy Q. Le , Minh N. H. Nguyen , Eui-Nam Huh , Choong Seon Hong

Federated Learning (FL), Split Learning (SL), and SplitFed Learning (SFL) are three recent developments in distributed machine learning that are gaining attention due to their ability to preserve the privacy of raw data. Thus, they are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-21 Praveen Joshi , Chandra Thapa , Seyit Camtepe , Mohammed Hasanuzzamana , Ted Scully , Haithem Afli

The increasing complexity of deep neural networks poses significant barriers to democratizing them to resource-limited edge devices. To address this challenge, split federated learning (SFL) has emerged as a promising solution by of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Zheng Lin , Guanqiao Qu , Wei Wei , Xianhao Chen , Kin K. Leung

To alleviate the training burden in federated learning while enhancing convergence speed, Split Federated Learning (SFL) has emerged as a promising approach by combining the advantages of federated and split learning. However, recent…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Joohyung Lee , Jungchan Cho , Wonjun Lee , Mohamed Seif , H. Vincent Poor

Split Federated Learning (SFL) has emerged as an efficient alternative to traditional Federated Learning (FL) by reducing client-side computation through model partitioning. However, exchanging of intermediate activations and model updates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Xingchen Wang , Feijie Wu , Chenglin Miao , Tianchun Li , Haoyu Hu , Qiming Cao , Jing Gao , Lu Su

Split learning (SL) has been proposed to train deep learning models in a decentralized manner. For decentralized healthcare applications with vertical data partitioning, SL can be beneficial as it allows institutes with complementary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-28 Holger R. Roth , Ali Hatamizadeh , Ziyue Xu , Can Zhao , Wenqi Li , Andriy Myronenko , Daguang Xu

Under the organization of the base station (BS), wireless federated learning (FL) enables collaborative model training among multiple devices. However, the BS is merely responsible for aggregating local updates during the training process,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Jingheng Zheng , Wanli Ni , Hui Tian , Deniz Gunduz , Tony Q. S. Quek , Zhu Han

Federated learning (FL) enables distributed clients to collaboratively train a machine learning model without sharing raw data with each other. However, it suffers the leakage of private information from uploading models. In addition, as…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Kang Wei , Jun Li , Chuan Ma , Ming Ding , Feng Shu , Haitao Zhao , Wen Chen , Hongbo Zhu

Split Learning (SL) is a distributed deep learning approach enabling multiple clients and a server to collaboratively train and infer on a shared deep neural network (DNN) without requiring clients to share their private local data. The DNN…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Phillip Rieger , Alessandro Pegoraro , Kavita Kumari , Tigist Abera , Jonathan Knauer , Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi

Data privacy concerns has made centralized training of data, which is scattered across silos, infeasible, leading to the need for collaborative learning frameworks. To address that, two prominent frameworks emerged, i.e., federated learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Tianchen Zhou , Zhanyi Hu , Bingzhe Wu , Cen Chen

Split learning (SL) aims to protect user data privacy by distributing deep models between client-server and keeping private data locally. Only processed or `smashed' data can be transmitted from the clients to the server during the SL…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Ngoc Duy Pham , Khoa Tran Phan , Naveen Chilamkurti

Federated learning (FL) is a popular distributed machine learning (ML) paradigm, but is often limited by significant communication costs and edge device computation capabilities. Federated Split Learning (FSL) preserves the parallel model…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Yujia Mu , Cong Shen

In the distributed collaborative machine learning (DCML) paradigm, federated learning (FL) recently attracted much attention due to its applications in health, finance, and the latest innovations such as industry 4.0 and smart vehicles. FL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-01 Chandra Thapa , M. A. P. Chamikara , Seyit A. Camtepe

Split Learning (SL) recently emerged as an efficient paradigm for distributed Machine Learning (ML) suitable for the Internet Of Things (IoT)-Cloud systems. However, deploying SL on resource-constrained edge IoT platforms poses a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Romina Soledad Molina , Vukan Ninkovic , Dejan Vukobratovic , Maria Liz Crespo , Marco Zennaro

Collaborative and distributed learning techniques, such as Federated Learning (FL) and Split Learning (SL), hold significant promise for leveraging sensitive data in privacy-critical domains. However, FL and SL suffer from key limitations…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Amirreza Sokhankhosh , Khalid Hassan , Sara Rouhani

In computer vision, the vision transformer (ViT) has increasingly superseded the convolutional neural network (CNN) for improved accuracy and robustness. However, ViT's large model sizes and high sample complexity make it difficult to train…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-08-05 Seungeun Oh , Sihun Baek , Jihong Park , Hyelin Nam , Praneeth Vepakomma , Ramesh Raskar , Mehdi Bennis , Seong-Lyun Kim

Federated learning (FL) enables collaborative model training across distributed clients (e.g., edge devices) without sharing raw data. Yet, FL can be computationally expensive as the clients need to train the entire model multiple times.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Chao Huang , Geng Tian , Ming Tang

Split federated learning (SFL) has emerged as a promising paradigm to democratize machine learning (ML) on edge devices by enabling layer-wise model partitioning. However, existing SFL approaches suffer significantly from the straggler…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Zheng Lin , Zhe Chen , Xianhao Chen , Wei Ni , Yue Gao