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We propose a causal interpretation of self-attention in the Transformer neural network architecture. We interpret self-attention as a mechanism that estimates a structural equation model for a given input sequence of symbols (tokens). The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-01 Raanan Y. Rohekar , Yaniv Gurwicz , Shami Nisimov

The self-attention mechanism has significantly advanced the field of natural language processing, facilitating the development of advanced language-learning machines. Although its utility is widely acknowledged, the precise mechanisms of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Tal Halevi , Yarden Tzach , Ronit D. Gross , Shalom Rosner , Ido Kanter

Self-attention is key to the remarkable success of transformers in sequence modeling tasks including many applications in natural language processing and computer vision. Like neural network layers, these attention mechanisms are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Tan M. Nguyen , Tam Nguyen , Nhat Ho , Andrea L. Bertozzi , Richard G. Baraniuk , Stanley J. Osher

State-of-the-art attention based models, mostly centered around the transformer architecture, solve the problem of sequence-to-sequence translation using the so-called scaled dot-product attention. While this technique is highly effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Anurag Pallaprolu , Radha Vaidya , Aditya Swaroop Attawar

The brain is targeted for processing temporal sequence information. It remains largely unclear how the brain learns to store and retrieve sequence memories. Here, we study how recurrent networks of binary neurons learn sequence attractors…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Yao Lu , Si Wu

In this work, we take a representation learning perspective on hierarchical reinforcement learning, where the problem of learning lower layers in a hierarchy is transformed into the problem of learning trajectory-level generative models. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-08 John D. Co-Reyes , YuXuan Liu , Abhishek Gupta , Benjamin Eysenbach , Pieter Abbeel , Sergey Levine

Transformers have revolutionized deep learning in numerous fields, including natural language processing, computer vision, and audio processing. Their strength lies in their attention mechanism, which allows for the discovering of complex…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Uladzislau Yorsh , Martin Holeňa , Ondřej Bojar , David Herel

Transformers have achieved great success in effectively processing sequential data such as text. Their architecture consisting of several attention and feedforward blocks can model relations between elements of a sequence in parallel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Jaemu Heo , Eldor Fozilov , Hyunmin Song , Taehwan Kim

With advances in data collection technologies, tensor data is assuming increasing prominence in many applications and the problem of supervised tensor learning has emerged as a topic of critical significance in the data mining and machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2014-08-06 Lifang He , Xiangnan Kong , Philip S. Yu , Ann B. Ragin , Zhifeng Hao , Xiaowei Yang

Attention mechanisms have improved the performance of NLP tasks while allowing models to remain explainable. Self-attention is currently widely used, however interpretability is difficult due to the numerous attention distributions. Recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-30 Khalil Mrini , Franck Dernoncourt , Quan Tran , Trung Bui , Walter Chang , Ndapa Nakashole

Machine learning (ML) and tensor-based methods have been of significant interest for the scientific community for the last few decades. In a previous work we presented a novel tensor-based system identification framework to ease the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-30 Oliver Ploder , Christina Auer , Oliver Lang , Thomas Paireder , Mario Huemer

Tensor, a multi-dimensional data structure, has been exploited recently in the machine learning community. Traditional machine learning approaches are vector- or matrix-based, and cannot handle tensorial data directly. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-03 Cong Chen , Kim Batselier , Wenjian Yu , Ngai Wong

Learning reduced descriptions of chaotic many-body dynamics is fundamentally challenging: although microscopic equations are Markovian, collective observables exhibit strong memory and exponential sensitivity to initial conditions and…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Ho Jang , Gia-Wei Chern

In this work, we firstly apply the Train-Tensor (TT) networks to construct a compact representation of the classical Multilayer Perceptron, representing a reduction of up to 95% of the coefficients. A comparative analysis between tensor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-31 M. Nazareth da Costa , R. Attux , A. Cichocki , J. M. T. Romano

An increasing number of emerging applications in data science and engineering are based on multidimensional and structurally rich data. The irregularities, however, of high-dimensional data often compromise the effectiveness of standard…

Sequential recommendation demonstrates the capability to recommend items by modeling the sequential behavior of users. Traditional methods typically treat users as sequences of items, overlooking the collaborative relationships among them.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Sijia Liu , Jiahao Liu , Hansu Gu , Dongsheng Li , Tun Lu , Peng Zhang , Ning Gu

It is challenging to reduce the complexity of neural networks while maintaining their generalization ability and robustness, especially for practical applications. Conventional solutions for this problem incorporate quantum-inspired neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Andi Chen

Recently, much progress has been made in learning general-purpose sentence representations that can be used across domains. However, most of the existing models typically treat each word in a sentence equally. In contrast, extensive studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-05-10 Shaonan Wang , Jiajun Zhang , Chengqing Zong

Sequential dynamics are a key feature of many modern recommender systems, which seek to capture the `context' of users' activities on the basis of actions they have performed recently. To capture such patterns, two approaches have…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2018-08-30 Wang-Cheng Kang , Julian McAuley

The Transformer translation model is based on the multi-head attention mechanism, which can be parallelized easily. The multi-head attention network performs the scaled dot-product attention function in parallel, empowering the model by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Hongfei Xu , Qiuhui Liu , Josef van Genabith , Deyi Xiong