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In recent years , there has been an upsurge in a new form of entertainment medium called memes. These memes although seemingly innocuous have transcended onto the boundary of online harassment against women and created an unwanted bias…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-01 Harshvardhan Srivastava

Memes have evolved as a prevalent medium for diverse communication, ranging from humour to propaganda. With the rising popularity of image-focused content, there is a growing need to explore its potential harm from different aspects.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-21 Siddhant Agarwal , Shivam Sharma , Preslav Nakov , Tanmoy Chakraborty

With the proliferation of social media, accurate detection of hate speech has become critical to ensure safety online. To combat nuanced forms of hate speech, it is important to identify and thoroughly explain hate speech to help users…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Yongjin Yang , Joonkee Kim , Yujin Kim , Namgyu Ho , James Thorne , Se-young Yun

The rapid expansion of memes on social media has highlighted the urgent need for effective approaches to detect harmful content. However, traditional data-driven approaches struggle to detect new memes due to their evolving nature and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Ziyan Liu , Chunxiao Fan , Haoran Lou , Yuexin Wu , Kaiwei Deng

Social media platforms are increasingly dominated by long-form multimodal content, where harmful narratives are constructed through a complex interplay of audio, visual, and textual cues. While automated systems can flag hate speech with…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Girish A. Koushik , Helen Treharne , Diptesh Kanojia

The rapid growth of video content on platforms such as TikTok and YouTube has intensified the spread of multimodal hate speech, where harmful cues emerge subtly and asynchronously across visual, acoustic, and textual streams. Existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Qiyue Sun , Tailin Chen , Yinghui Zhang , Yuchen Zhang , Jiangbei Yue , Jianbo Jiao , Zeyu Fu

As a kind of new expression elements, Internet memes are popular and extensively used in online chatting scenarios since they manage to make dialogues vivid, moving, and interesting. However, most current dialogue researches focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Zhengcong Fei , Zekang Li , Jinchao Zhang , Yang Feng , Jie Zhou

The proliferation of hate speech on social media platforms has necessitated the development of effective detection and moderation tools. This study evaluates the efficacy of various machine learning models in identifying hate speech and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Saurabh Mishra , Shivani Thakur , Radhika Mamidi

Social media platforms enable instant and ubiquitous connectivity and are essential to social interaction and communication in our technological society. Apart from its advantages, these platforms have given rise to negative behaviors in…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2025-05-08 Silvia García-Méndez , Francisco De Arriba-Pérez

Hateful content detection is one of the areas where deep learning can and should make a significant difference. The Hateful Memes Challenge from Facebook helps fulfill such potential by challenging the contestants to detect hateful speech…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Yang Li , Zinc Zhang , Hutchin Huang

The automatic identification of offensive language such as hate speech is important to keep discussions civil in online communities. Identifying hate speech in multimodal content is a particularly challenging task because offensiveness can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Amrita Ganguly , Al Nahian Bin Emran , Sadiya Sayara Chowdhury Puspo , Md Nishat Raihan , Dhiman Goswami , Marcos Zampieri

The dramatic increase in the use of social media platforms for information sharing has also fueled a steep growth in online abuse. A simple yet effective way of abusing individuals or communities is by creating memes, which often integrate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Mithun Das , Animesh Mukherjee

Hateful meme detection is a challenging multimodal task that requires comprehension of both vision and language, as well as cross-modal interactions. Recent studies have tried to fine-tune pre-trained vision-language models (PVLMs) for this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-17 Rui Cao , Ming Shan Hee , Adriel Kuek , Wen-Haw Chong , Roy Ka-Wei Lee , Jing Jiang

Digital forensic investigations increasingly rely on heterogeneous evidence such as images, scanned documents, and contextual reports. These artifacts may contain explicit or implicit expressions of harm, hate, threat, violence, or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Ponkoj Chandra Shill

Online hate on social media ranges from overt slurs and threats (\emph{hard hate speech}) to \emph{soft hate speech}: discourse that appears reasonable on the surface but uses framing and value-based arguments to steer audiences toward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Xuanyu Su , Diana Inkpen , Nathalie Japkowicz

To proactively offer social media users a safe online experience, there is a need for systems that can detect harmful posts and promptly alert platform moderators. In order to guarantee the enforcement of a consistent policy, moderators are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Agostina Calabrese , Björn Ross , Mirella Lapata

We address the challenge of detecting questionable content in online media, specifically the subcategory of comic mischief. This type of content combines elements such as violence, adult content, or sarcasm with humor, making it difficult…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Elaheh Baharlouei , Mahsa Shafaei , Yigeng Zhang , Hugo Jair Escalante , Thamar Solorio

In recent years, Internet memes have been widely used in online chatting. Compared with text-based communication, conversations become more expressive and attractive when Internet memes are incorporated. This paper presents our solutions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-09 Hua Lu , Zhen Guo , Chanjuan Li , Yunyi Yang , Huang He , Siqi Bao

Not Safe/Suitable for Work (NSFW) content is rampant on social networks and poses serious harm to citizens, especially minors. Current detection methods mainly rely on deep learning-based image recognition and classification. However, NSFW…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Han Bao , Qinying Wang , Zhi Chen , Qingming Li , Xuhong Zhang , Changjiang Li , Zonghui Wang , Shouling Ji , Wenzhi Chen

Cyberbullying is a pervasive problem in online communities. To identify cyberbullying cases in large-scale social networks, content moderators depend on machine learning classifiers for automatic cyberbullying detection. However, existing…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-04-07 Caleb Ziems , Ymir Vigfusson , Fred Morstatter