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Self-supervised learning (SSL) has recently shown notable success in various visual tasks. However, in terms of discriminability, SSL is still not on par with supervised learning (SL). This paper identifies a key issue, the ``crowding…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Zeen Song , Wenwen Qiang , Changwen Zheng , Fuchun Sun , Hui Xiong

The presence of spurious features interferes with the goal of obtaining robust models that perform well across many groups within the population. A natural remedy is to remove spurious features from the model. However, in this work we show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-09 Fereshte Khani , Percy Liang

Recent state-of-the-art semi-supervised learning (SSL) methods use a combination of image-based transformations and consistency regularization as core components. Such methods, however, are limited to simple transformations such as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-07-17 Chia-Wen Kuo , Chih-Yao Ma , Jia-Bin Huang , Zsolt Kira

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has emerged as a powerful approach to learning representations, particularly in the field of computer vision. However, its application to dependent data, such as temporal and spatio-temporal domains, remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Alexander Marusov , Aleksandr Yugay , Alexey Zaytsev

The core issue in semi-supervised learning (SSL) lies in how to effectively leverage unlabeled data, whereas most existing methods tend to put a great emphasis on the utilization of high-confidence samples yet seldom fully explore the usage…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-22 Yue Duan , Zhen Zhao , Lei Qi , Lei Wang , Luping Zhou , Yinghuan Shi , Yang Gao

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) provides an effective means of leveraging unlabelled data to improve a model performance. Even though the domain has received a considerable amount of attention in the past years, most methods present the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-06 Hugo Schmutz , Olivier Humbert , Pierre-Alexandre Mattei

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has great potential for molecular representation learning given the complexity of molecular graphs, the large amounts of unlabelled data available, the considerable cost of obtaining labels experimentally, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Yuankai Luo , Lei Shi , Veronika Thost

The problem of fully supervised classification is that it requires a tremendous amount of annotated data, however, in many datasets a large portion of data is unlabeled. To alleviate this problem semi-supervised learning (SSL) leverages the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Ehsan Kazemi

Deep neural networks often rely on spurious features to make predictions, which makes them brittle under distribution shift and on samples where the spurious correlation does not hold (e.g., minority-group examples). Recent studies have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Aryan Yazdan Parast , Khawar Islam , Soyoun Won , Basim Azam , Naveed Akhtar

Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) seeks to leverage large amounts of non-annotated data along with the smallest amount possible of annotated data in order to achieve the same level of performance as if all data were annotated. A fruitful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Nikolaos Karaliolios , Hervé Le Borgne , Florian Chabot

Self-supervised learning (SSL), in particular contrastive learning, has made great progress in recent years. However, a common theme in these methods is that they inherit the learning paradigm from the supervised deep learning scenario.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Yun-Hao Cao , Jianxin Wu

Recent vision language models (VLMs) have made remarkable strides in generative modeling with multimodal inputs, particularly text and images. However, their susceptibility to generating harmful content when exposed to unsafe queries raises…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Yiwei Chen , Yuguang Yao , Yihua Zhang , Bingquan Shen , Gaowen Liu , Sijia Liu

Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) is important for reducing the annotation cost for medical image segmentation models. State-of-the-art SSL methods such as Mean Teacher, FixMatch and Cross Pseudo Supervision (CPS) are mainly based on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Weiren Zhao , Lanfeng Zhong , Xin Liao , Wenjun Liao , Sichuan Zhang , Shaoting Zhang , Guotai Wang

Fine-tuning a pretrained language model on a curated dataset can produce spurious correlations between the fine-tuning task and unintended latent factors -- such as misaligned personas or political slant -- that the curation procedure has…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-28 Ciarán M. Gilligan-Lee , Joseph Egan , Yuchen Zhu , Michael O'Riordan

Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) is implemented when algorithms are trained on both labeled and unlabeled data. This is a very common application of ML as it is unrealistic to obtain a fully labeled dataset. Researchers have tackled three…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-16 Jason Lu , Michael Ma , Huaze Xu , Zixi Xu

Recent advances in whole-slide image (WSI) scanners and computational capabilities have significantly propelled the application of artificial intelligence in histopathology slide analysis. While these strides are promising, current…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-15 Weiyi Wu , Chongyang Gao , Joseph DiPalma , Soroush Vosoughi , Saeed Hassanpour

Large language models exhibit a remarkable capacity for in-context learning, where they learn to solve tasks given a few examples. Recent work has shown that transformers can be trained to perform simple regression tasks in-context. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Hrayr Harutyunyan , Rafayel Darbinyan , Samvel Karapetyan , Hrant Khachatrian

In biomedical studies, it is often desirable to characterize the interactive mode of multiple disease outcomes beyond their marginal risk. Ising model is one of the most popular choices serving for this purpose. Nevertheless, learning…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-11-28 Daiqing Wu , Molei Liu

Semi-supervised learning provides an expressive framework for exploiting unlabeled data when labels are insufficient. Previous semi-supervised learning methods typically match model predictions of different data-augmented views in a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Cong Wang , Xiaofeng Cao , Lanzhe Guo2 , Zenglin Shi

Spurious bias, a tendency to exploit spurious correlations between superficial input attributes and prediction targets, has revealed a severe robustness pitfall in classical machine learning problems. Multimodal Large Language Models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Wenqian Ye , Bohan Liu , Guangtao Zheng , Di Wang , Yunsheng Ma , Xu Cao , Bolin Lai , James M. Rehg , Aidong Zhang