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We review state-of-the-art formal methods applied to the emerging field of the verification of machine learning systems. Formal methods can provide rigorous correctness guarantees on hardware and software systems. Thanks to the availability…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Caterina Urban , Antoine Miné

We present a new and practical framework for security verification of secure architectures. Specifically, we break the verification task into external verification and internal verification. External verification considers the external…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-07-06 Jakub Szefer , Tianwei Zhang , Ruby B. Lee

Automatic security protocol analysis is currently feasible only for small protocols. Since larger protocols quite often are composed of many small protocols, compositional analysis is an attractive, but non-trivial approach. We have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Suzana Andova , Cas Cremers , Kristian Gjosteen , Sjouke Mauw , Stig F. Mjolsnes , Sasa Radomirovic

Go is an increasingly-popular systems programming language targeting, especially, concurrent and distributed systems. Go differentiates itself from other imperative languages by offering structural subtyping and lightweight concurrency…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-05-31 Felix A. Wolf , Linard Arquint , Martin Clochard , Wytse Oortwijn , João C. Pereira , Peter Müller

Testing has become an indispensable activity of software development, yet writing good and relevant tests remains a quite challenging task. One well-known problem is that it often is impossible or unrealistic to test for every outcome, as…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-08-18 Dimitri Racordon , Didier Buchs

We present Low*, a language for low-level programming and verification, and its application to high-assurance optimized cryptographic libraries. Low* is a shallow embedding of a small, sequential, well-behaved subset of C in F*, a…

Security of cryptographic protocols can be analysed by creating a model in a formal language and verifying the model in a tool. All such tools focus on the last part of the analysis, verification, and the interpretation of the specification…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-04-06 Roberto Metere , Luca Arnaboldi

Although they differ in the functionality they offer, low-level systems exhibit certain patterns of design and utilization of computing resources. In this paper, we argue the position that modalities, in the sense of modal logic, should be…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ismail Kuru , Colin S. Gordon

Ensuring the correctness of distributed system implementations remains a challenging and largely unaddressed problem. In this paper we present a protocol that can be used to certify the safety of consensus implementations. Our proposed…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-03-11 Aurojit Panda

Ensuring that autonomous space robot control software behaves as it should is crucial, particularly as software failure in space often equates to mission failure and could potentially endanger nearby astronauts and costly equipment. To…

Researchers have recently designed a number of application-specific fault tolerance mechanisms that enable applications to either be naturally resilient to errors or include additional detection and correction steps that can bring the…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2018-05-17 Brett Boston , Zoe Gong , Michael Carbin

Network protocols are programs with inputs and outputs that follow predefined communication patterns to synchronize and exchange information. There are many protocols and each serves a different purpose, e.g., routing, transport, secure…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Max von Hippel

The Internet, as it stands today, is highly vulnerable to attacks. However, little has been done to understand and verify the formal security guarantees of proposed secure inter-domain routing protocols, such as Secure BGP (S-BGP). In this…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-01-11 Chen Chen , Limin Jia , Hao Xu , Cheng Luo , Wenchao Zhou , Boon Thau Loo

We propose to analyse quantum protocols by applying formal verification techniques developed in classical computing for the analysis of communicating concurrent systems. One area of successful application of these techniques is that of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Rajagopal Nagarajan , Simon Gay

Formal verification of software is a bit of a niche activity: it is only applied to the most safety-critical or security-critical software and it is typically only performed by specialized verification engineers. This paper considers…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-11-02 Alastair Reid , Luke Church , Shaked Flur , Sarah de Haas , Maritza Johnson , Ben Laurie

Research in logic encryption over the last decade has resulted in various techniques to prevent different security threats such as Trojan insertion, intellectual property leakage, and reverse engineering. However, there is little agreement…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-31 Yinghua Hu , Vivek V. Menon , Andrew Schmidt , Joshua Monson , Matthew French , Pierluigi Nuzzo

Current formal verification of security protocols relies on specialized researchers and complex tools, inaccessible to protocol designers who informally evaluate their work with emulators. This paper addresses this gap by embedding symbolic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Kangfeng Ye , Roberto Metere , Poonam Yadav

Recent frontier large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance in identifying security vulnerabilities in large, mature open-source systems. As LLM-generated code becomes increasingly common, a natural goal is to prevent such…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Zhaorui Li , Chengyu Song

Verification of modern microprocessors is a complex task that requires a substantial allocation of resources. Despite significant progress in formal verification, the goal of complete verification of an industrial design has not been…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-12-24 Shilpi Goel , Anna Slobodova , Rob Sumners , Sol Swords

Use of formal techniques for verifying the security features of electronic commerce protocols would facilitate, the enhancement of reliability of such protocols, thereby increasing their usability. This paper projects the application of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2011-01-11 Suvansh Lal