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While adaptive gradient methods are the workhorse of modern machine learning, sign-based optimization algorithms such as Lion and Muon have recently demonstrated superior empirical performance over AdamW in training large language models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Dingzhi Yu , Hongyi Tao , Yuanyu Wan , Luo Luo , Lijun Zhang

To address the challenges of long-tailed classification, researchers have proposed several approaches to reduce model bias, most of which assume that classes with few samples are weak classes. However, recent studies have shown that tail…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Yanbiao Ma , Licheng Jiao , Fang Liu , Maoji Wen , Lingling Li , Wenping Ma , Shuyuan Yang , Xu Liu , Puhua Chen

Stochastic neurons and hard non-linearities can be useful for a number of reasons in deep learning models, but in many cases they pose a challenging problem: how to estimate the gradient of a loss function with respect to the input of such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2013-08-16 Yoshua Bengio , Nicholas Léonard , Aaron Courville

We introduce a mathematically rigorous framework based on rough path theory to model stochastic spiking neural networks (SSNNs) as stochastic differential equations with event discontinuities (Event SDEs) and driven by c\`adl\`ag rough…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-24 Christian Holberg , Cristopher Salvi

We investigate the spectral properties of linear-width feed-forward neural networks, where the sample size is asymptotically proportional to network width. Empirically, we show that the spectra of weight in this high dimensional regime are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-09 Zhichao Wang , Andrew Engel , Anand Sarwate , Ioana Dumitriu , Tony Chiang

Deep learning has arguably achieved tremendous success in recent years. In simple words, deep learning uses the composition of many nonlinear functions to model the complex dependency between input features and labels. While neural networks…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-04-16 Jianqing Fan , Cong Ma , Yiqiao Zhong

The heavy reliance on data is one of the major reasons that currently limit the development of deep learning. Data quality directly dominates the effect of deep learning models, and the long-tailed distribution is one of the factors…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-30 Lu Yang , He Jiang , Qing Song , Jun Guo

We propose and analyze a new estimator of the covariance matrix that admits strong theoretical guarantees under weak assumptions on the underlying distribution, such as existence of moments of only low order. While estimation of covariance…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-01-17 Stanislav Minsker , Xiaohan Wei

Despite the success of practical solvers in various NP-complete domains such as SAT and CSP as well as using deep reinforcement learning to tackle two-player games such as Go, certain classes of PSPACE-hard planning problems have remained…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Dieqiao Feng , Carla Gomes , Bart Selman

A recent line of empirical studies has demonstrated that SGD might exhibit a heavy-tailed behavior in practical settings, and the heaviness of the tails might correlate with the overall performance. In this paper, we investigate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Krunoslav Lehman Pavasovic , Alain Durmus , Umut Simsekli

This paper investigates in which cases continuous optimization for directed acyclic graph (DAG) structure learning can and cannot perform well and why this happens, and suggests possible directions to make the search procedure more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-20 Ignavier Ng , Biwei Huang , Kun Zhang

Cyclic and randomized stepsizes are widely used in the deep learning practice and can often outperform standard stepsize choices such as constant stepsize in SGD. Despite their empirical success, not much is currently known about when and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-08-30 Mert Gürbüzbalaban , Yuanhan Hu , Umut Şimşekli , Lingjiong Zhu

Stochastic momentum methods have been widely adopted in training deep neural networks. However, their theoretical analysis of convergence of the training objective and the generalization error for prediction is still under-explored. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-31 Yan Yan , Tianbao Yang , Zhe Li , Qihang Lin , Yi Yang

Real-world data is laden with outlying values. The challenge for machine learning is that the learner typically has no prior knowledge of whether the feedback it receives (losses, gradients, etc.) will be heavy-tailed or not. In this work,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-12-16 Matthew J. Holland

We discover restrained numerical instabilities in current training practices of deep networks with stochastic gradient descent (SGD), and its variants. We show numerical error (on the order of the smallest floating point bit and thus the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Yuxin Sun , Dong Lao , Ganesh Sundaramoorthi , Anthony Yezzi

Lateral inhibitory connections have been observed in the cortex of the biological brain, and has been extensively studied in terms of its role in cognitive functions. However, in the vanilla version of backpropagation in deep learning, all…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Lei Jiang , Yongqing Liu , Shihai Xiao , Yansong Chua

Deep neural networks have revolutionized machine learning, yet their training dynamics remain theoretically unclear-we develop a continuous-time, matrix-valued stochastic differential equation (SDE) framework that rigorously connects the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Brian Richard Olsen , Sam Fatehmanesh , Frank Xiao , Adarsh Kumarappan , Anirudh Gajula

Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) have shown promising performance for language modeling. However, traditional training of RNNs using back-propagation through time often suffers from overfitting. One reason for this is that stochastic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-04-25 Zhe Gan , Chunyuan Li , Changyou Chen , Yunchen Pu , Qinliang Su , Lawrence Carin

In this paper, we provide a theoretical study of noise geometry for minibatch stochastic gradient descent (SGD), a phenomenon where noise aligns favorably with the geometry of local landscape. We propose two metrics, derived from analyzing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-02 Mingze Wang , Lei Wu

Deep neural networks frequently suffer from performance degradation when the training data is long-tailed because several majority classes dominate the training, resulting in a biased model. Recent studies have made a great effort in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Mengke Li , Yiu-ming Cheung , Juyong Jiang