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This paper proposes a novel out-of-distribution (OOD) detection framework named MoodCat for image classifiers. MoodCat masks a random portion of the input image and uses a generative model to synthesize the masked image to a new image…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-02 Yijun Yang , Ruiyuan Gao , Qiang Xu

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) inputs is a central challenge for safely deploying machine learning models in the real world. Existing solutions are mainly driven by small datasets, with low resolution and very few class labels (e.g.,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-06 Rui Huang , Yixuan Li

Object detection is a pivotal task in computer vision that has received significant attention in previous years. Nonetheless, the capability of a detector to localise objects out of the training distribution remains unexplored. Whilst…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Brian K. S. Isaac-Medina , Yona Falinie A. Gaus , Neelanjan Bhowmik , Toby P. Breckon

In this work, we propose CODE, an extension of existing work from the field of explainable AI that identifies class-specific recurring patterns to build a robust Out-of-Distribution (OoD) detection method for visual classifiers. CODE does…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-23 Romain Xu-Darme , Julien Girard-Satabin , Darryl Hond , Gabriele Incorvaia , Zakaria Chihani

Aiming at identifying unexpected inputs from unknown classes, out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has emerged as a pivotal approach to enhancing the reliability of machine learning models. This paper focuses on the burgeoning paradigm of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Bo Peng , Jie Lu , Guangquan Zhang , Zhen Fang

Detecting hallucinations in large language models is a critical open problem with significant implications for safety and reliability. While existing hallucination detection methods achieve strong performance in question-answering tasks,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Litian Liu , Reza Pourreza , Yubing Jian , Yao Qin , Roland Memisevic

Using unlabeled wild data containing both in-distribution (ID) and out-of-distribution (OOD) data to improve the safety and reliability of models has recently received increasing attention. Existing methods either design customized losses…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Chuanxing Geng , Qifei Li , Xinrui Wang , Dong Liang , Songcan Chen , Pong C. Yuen

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection represents a critical challenge in remote sensing applications, where reliable identification of novel or anomalous patterns is essential for autonomous monitoring, disaster response, and environmental…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Chenhao Wang , Yingrui Ji , Yu Meng , Yunjian Zhang , Yao Zhu

Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of automated methods for skin lesion diagnosis and classification. Due to an increasing deployment of such systems in clinics, it has become important to develop a more robust system towards…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-01 Deval Mehta , Yaniv Gal , Adrian Bowling , Paul Bonnington , Zongyuan Ge

Out-of-distribution detection seeks to identify novelties, samples that deviate from the norm. The task has been found to be quite challenging, particularly in the case where the normal data distribution consists of multiple semantic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Niv Cohen , Ron Abutbul , Yedid Hoshen

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection in multimodal contexts is essential for identifying deviations in combined inputs from different modalities, particularly in applications like open-domain dialogue systems or real-life dialogue…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Rena Gao , Xuetong Wu , Siwen Luo , Caren Han , Feng Liu

The task of out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is notoriously ill-defined. Earlier works focused on new-class detection, aiming to identify label-altering data distribution shifts, also known as "semantic shift." However, recent works…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-20 William Yang , Byron Zhang , Olga Russakovsky

Out-of-Distribution (OOD) detection, i.e., identifying whether an input is sampled from a novel distribution other than the training distribution, is a critical task for safely deploying machine learning systems in the open world. Recently,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-13 Feng Xue , Zi He , Chuanlong Xie , Falong Tan , Zhenguo Li

Autonomous systems rely on accurate 3D object detection from LiDAR data, yet most detectors are limited to a predefined set of known classes, making them vulnerable to unexpected out-of-distribution (OOD) objects. In this work, we present…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Louis Soum-Fontez , Jean-Emmanuel Deschaud , François Goulette

Detecting out-of-distribution (OOD) samples is crucial for ensuring the safety of machine learning systems and has shaped the field of OOD detection. Meanwhile, several other problems are closely related to OOD detection, including anomaly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Atsuyuki Miyai , Jingkang Yang , Jingyang Zhang , Yifei Ming , Yueqian Lin , Qing Yu , Go Irie , Shafiq Joty , Yixuan Li , Hai Li , Ziwei Liu , Toshihiko Yamasaki , Kiyoharu Aizawa

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is essential for ensuring the reliability of deep learning models in medical imaging applications. This work is motivated by the observation that class activation maps (CAMs) for in-distribution (ID) data…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Yu-Jen Chen , Xueyang Li , Yiyu Shi , Tsung-Yi Ho

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection has seen significant advancements with zero-shot approaches by leveraging the powerful Vision-Language Models (VLMs) such as CLIP. However, prior research works have predominantly focused on enhancing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-10 Pei-Kang Lee , Jun-Cheng Chen , Ja-Ling Wu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection remains challenging in text-rich networks, where textual features intertwine with topological structures. Existing methods primarily address label shifts or rudimentary domain-based splits, overlooking…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Danny Wang , Ruihong Qiu , Guangdong Bai , Zi Huang

In an out-of-distribution (OOD) detection problem, samples of known classes(also called in-distribution classes) are used to train a special classifier. In testing, the classifier can (1) classify the test samples of known classes to their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-06 Sepideh Esmaeilpour , Bing Liu , Eric Robertson , Lei Shu

Identifying out-of-distribution (OOD) data at inference time is crucial for many machine learning applications, especially for automation. We present a novel unsupervised semi-parametric framework COMBOOD for OOD detection with respect to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Magesh Rajasekaran , Md Saiful Islam Sajol , Frej Berglind , Supratik Mukhopadhyay , Kamalika Das