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The Mean Opinion Score (MOS) serves as the standard metric for speech quality assessment, yet biases in human annotations remain underexplored. We conduct the first systematic analysis of gender bias in MOS, revealing that male listeners…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Wenze Ren , Yi-Cheng Lin , Wen-Chin Huang , Erica Cooper , Ryandhimas E. Zezario , Hsin-Min Wang , Hung-yi Lee , Yu Tsao

MOS (Mean Opinion Score) is a subjective method used for the evaluation of a system's quality. Telecommunications (for voice and video), and speech synthesis systems (for generated speech) are a few of the many applications of the method.…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-26 Bálint Gyires-Tóth , Csaba Zainkó

Although recent neural text-to-speech (TTS) systems have achieved high-quality speech synthesis, there are cases where a TTS system generates low-quality speech, mainly caused by limited training data or information loss during knowledge…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-26 Yeunju Choi , Youngmoon Jung , Youngjoo Suh , Hoirin Kim

Perceptually-inspired objective functions such as the perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ), signal-to-distortion ratio (SDR), and short-time objective intelligibility (STOI), have recently been used to optimize performance of…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-27 Khandokar Md. Nayem , Donald S. Williamson

Several studies have proposed deep-learning-based models to predict the mean opinion score (MOS) of synthesized speech, showing the possibility of replacing human raters. However, inter- and intra-rater variability in MOSs makes it hard to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-12-03 Yeunju Choi , Youngmoon Jung , Hoirin Kim

Speech quality assessment is a critical process in selecting text-to-speech synthesis (TTS) or voice conversion models. Evaluation of voice synthesis can be done using objective metrics or subjective metrics. Although there are many…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Saurabh Agrawal , Raj Gohil , Gopal Kumar Agrawal , Vikram C M , Kushal Verma

The acoustic environment can degrade speech quality during communication (e.g., video call, remote presentation, outside voice recording), and its impact is often unknown. Objective metrics for speech quality have proven challenging to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-30 Karl El Hajal , Milos Cernak , Pablo Mainar

As a subjective metric to evaluate the quality of synthesized speech, Mean opinion score~(MOS) usually requires multiple annotators to score the same speech. Such an annotation approach requires a lot of manpower and is also time-consuming.…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Kexin Wang , Yunlong Zhao , Qianqian Dong , Tom Ko , Mingxuan Wang

Mean opinion score (MOS) is a popular subjective metric to assess the quality of synthesized speech, and usually involves multiple human judges to evaluate each speech utterance. To reduce the labor cost in MOS test, multiple methods have…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Yichong Leng , Xu Tan , Sheng Zhao , Frank Soong , Xiang-Yang Li , Tao Qin

Speech quality assessment has been a critical component in many voice communication related applications such as telephony and online conferencing. Traditional intrusive speech quality assessment requires the clean reference of the degraded…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-07 Yuchen Liu , Li-Chia Yang , Alex Pawlicki , Marko Stamenovic

Designing a speech quality assessment (SQA) system for estimating mean-opinion-score (MOS) of multi-rate speech with varying sampling frequency (16-48 kHz) is a challenging task. The challenge arises due to the limited availability of a…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-17 Fengyuan Cao , Xinyu Liang , Fredrik Cumlin , Victor Ungureanu , Chandan K. A. Reddy , Christian Schuldt , Saikat Chatterjee

Human judgments obtained through Mean Opinion Scores (MOS) are the most reliable way to assess the quality of speech signals. However, several recent attempts to automatically estimate MOS using deep learning approaches lack robustness and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-27 Pranay Manocha , Anurag Kumar

The ground truth used for training image, video, or speech quality prediction models is based on the Mean Opinion Scores (MOS) obtained from subjective experiments. Usually, it is necessary to conduct multiple experiments, mostly with…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-12-15 Gabriel Mittag , Saman Zadtootaghaj , Thilo Michael , Babak Naderi , Sebastian Möller

Automatic speech quality assessment has become increasingly important as modern speech generation systems continue to advance, while human listening tests remain costly, time-consuming, and difficult to scale. Most existing learning-based…

Deep noise suppressors (DNS) have become an attractive solution to remove background noise, reverberation, and distortions from speech and are widely used in telephony/voice applications. They are also occasionally prone to introducing…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-04-15 Abu Zaher Md Faridee , Hannes Gamper

Mean Opinion Score (MOS) is a popular measure for evaluating synthesized speech. However, the scores obtained in MOS tests are heavily dependent upon many contextual factors. One such factor is the overall range of quality of the samples…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-10 Erica Cooper , Junichi Yamagishi

Automatic Mean Opinion Score (MOS) prediction is employed to evaluate the quality of synthetic speech. This study extends the application of predicted MOS to the task of Fake Audio Detection (FAD), as we expect that MOS can be used to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-26 Wangjin Zhou , Zhengdong Yang , Chenhui Chu , Sheng Li , Raj Dabre , Yi Zhao , Tatsuya Kawahara

An effective approach to automatically predict the subjective rating for synthetic speech is to train on a listening test dataset with human-annotated scores. Although each speech sample in the dataset is rated by several listeners, most…

Sound · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Wen-Chin Huang , Erica Cooper , Junichi Yamagishi , Tomoki Toda

Developers of text-to-speech synthesizers (TTS) often make use of human raters to assess the quality of synthesized speech. We demonstrate that we can model human raters' mean opinion scores (MOS) of synthesized speech using a deep…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-11-29 Brian Patton , Yannis Agiomyrgiannakis , Michael Terry , Kevin Wilson , Rif A. Saurous , D. Sculley

Assessing the perceptual quality of synthetic speech is crucial for guiding the development and refinement of speech generation models. However, it has traditionally relied on human subjective ratings such as the Mean Opinion Score (MOS),…

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