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The "AI for Science, Energy, and Security" report from DOE outlines a significant focus on developing and optimizing artificial intelligence workflows for a foundational impact on a broad range of DOE missions. With the pervasive usage of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Jae-Won Chung , Nishil Talati , Mosharaf Chowdhury

Recent research shows large-scale AI-centric data centers could experience rapid fluctuations in power demand due to varying computation loads, such as sudden spikes from inference or interruption of training large language models (LLMs).…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-12 Mariam Mughees , Yuzhuo Li , Yize Chen , Yunwei Ryan Li

The steady growth of artificial intelligence (AI) has accelerated in the recent years, facilitated by the development of sophisticated models such as large language models and foundation models. Ensuring robust and reliable power…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Andrea Marinoni , Sai Shivareddy , Pietro Lio' , Weisi Lin , Erik Cambria , Clare Grey

Recently, there has been a trend of shifting the execution of deep learning inference tasks toward the edge of the network, closer to the user, to reduce latency and preserve data privacy. At the same time, growing interest is being devoted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Seyyidahmed Lahmer , Aria Khoshsirat , Michele Rossi , Andrea Zanella

In particular, large-scale deep learning and artificial intelligence model training uses a lot of computational power and energy, so it poses serious sustainability issues. The fast rise in model complexity has resulted in exponential…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Yashasvi Makin , Rahul Maliakkal

Due to their highly parallel multi-cores architecture, GPUs are being increasingly used in a wide range of computationally intensive applications. Compared to CPUs, GPUs can achieve higher performances at accelerating the programs'…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2021-10-05 Frédéric Magoulès , Abal-Kassim Cheik Ahamed , Alban Desmaison , Jean-Christophe Léchenet , François Mayer , Haifa Ben Salem , Thomas Zhu

The rapid growth of artificial intelligence (AI) is driving an unprecedented increase in the electricity demand of AI data centers, raising emerging challenges for electric power grids. Understanding the characteristics of AI data center…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-27 Xin Chen , Xiaoyang Wang , Ana Colacelli , Matt Lee , Le Xie

With the ever-growing adoption of AI, its impact on the environment is no longer negligible. Despite the potential that continual learning could have towards Green AI, its environmental sustainability remains relatively uncharted. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Tomaso Trinci , Simone Magistri , Roberto Verdecchia , Andrew D. Bagdanov

Reduced environmental effect, lower operating costs, and a stable and sustainable energy supply for current and future generations are the main reasons why power optimization is important. Power optimization makes ensuring that energy is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Parag Biswas , Abdur Rashid , Angona Biswas , Md Abdullah Al Nasim , Kishor Datta Gupta , Roy George

As AI inference scales to billions of queries and emerging reasoning and agentic workflows increase token demand, reliable estimates of per-query energy use are increasingly important for capacity planning, emissions accounting, and…

Addressing the so-called ``Red-AI'' trend of rising energy consumption by large-scale neural networks, this study investigates the actual energy consumption, as measured by node-level watt-meters, of training various fully connected neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Charles Edison Tripp , Jordan Perr-Sauer , Jamil Gafur , Amabarish Nag , Avi Purkayastha , Sagi Zisman , Erik A. Bensen

The growing demand for data center capacity, driven by the growth of high-performance computing, cloud computing, and especially artificial intelligence, has led to a sharp increase in data center energy consumption. To improve energy…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Jonathan Bader , Julius Irion , Jannis Kappel , Joel Witzke , Niklas Fomin , Diellza Sherifi , Odej Kao

Estimates of energy usage in layers of computing from devices to algorithms have been determined and analyzed. Building on the previous analysis [3], energy needed from single devices and systems including three large-scale computing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Sadasivan Shankar

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) has led to significant advances in natural language processing and text generation. However, the energy consumed through LLM model inference remains a major challenge for sustainable AI…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Grant Wilkins , Srinivasan Keshav , Richard Mortier

Power management is an expensive and important issue for large computational infrastructures such as datacenters, large clusters, and computational grids. However, measuring energy consumption of scalable systems may be impractical due to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-09-20 Lucas Venezian Povoa , Cesar Marcondes , Hermes Senger

With the growing availability of large-scale datasets, and the popularization of affordable storage and computational capabilities, the energy consumed by AI is becoming a growing concern. To address this issue, in recent years, studies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-22 Roberto Verdecchia , Luís Cruz , June Sallou , Michelle Lin , James Wickenden , Estelle Hotellier

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has created unprecedented demands for computational power, yet methods for evaluating the performance, efficiency, and environmental impact of deployed models remain fragmented. Current…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Hongyuan Liu , Xinyang Liu , Guosheng Hu

This study presents an empirical investigation into the energy consumption of Discriminative and Generative AI models within real-world MLOps pipelines. For Discriminative models, we examine various architectures and hyperparameters during…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Adrián Sánchez-Mompó , Ioannis Mavromatis , Peizheng Li , Konstantinos Katsaros , Aftab Khan

The scale of scientific High Performance Computing (HPC) and High Throughput Computing (HTC) has increased significantly in recent years, and is becoming sensitive to total energy use and cost. Energy-efficiency has thus become an important…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2014-10-14 David Abdurachmanov , Peter Elmer , Giulio Eulisse , Robert Knight , Tapio Niemi , Jukka K. Nurminen , Filip Nyback , Goncalo Pestana , Zhonghong Ou , Kashif Khan

The increasing demand for computational resources of training neural networks leads to a concerning growth in energy consumption. While parallelization has enabled upscaling model and dataset sizes and accelerated training, its impact on…