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This tutorial introduces quantum computing with a focus on the applicability of formal methods in this relatively new domain. We describe quantum circuits and convey an understanding of their inherent combinatorial nature and the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-17 Arend-Jan Quist , Jingyi Mei , Tim Coopmans , Alfons Laarman

Those seeking to reproduce a computational experiment often need to manually look at the code to see how to build necessary libraries, configure parameters, find data, and invoke the experiment; it is not automatic. Automatic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-24 Samuel Grayson , Reed Milewicz , Joshua Teves , Daniel S. Katz , Darko Marinov

Quantum computing (QC) is an emerging computing paradigm with potential to revolutionize the field of computing. QC is a field that is quickly developing globally and has high barriers of entry. In this paper we explore both successful…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Ruslan Shaydulin , Caleb Thomas , Paige Rodeghero

Identify, Transform, Benchmark, Show Quantum Advantage (ITBQ): Evaluating use cases for quantum computers. We introduce a four-step framework for assessing quantum computing applications -- from identifying relevant industry problems to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-07 Michael Marthaler , Peter Pinski , Vladimir Rybkin , Iris Schwenk , Pascal Stadler , Marina Walt

A view on software testing, taken in a broad sense and considered a important activity is presented. We discuss the methods and techniques for applying tests and the reasons we recognize make it difficult for industry to adopt the advances…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-05 José Marcos Gomes , Luis Alberto Vieira Dias

Quantum computing (QC) is anticipated to provide a speedup over classical HPC approaches for specific problems in optimization, simulation, and machine learning. With the advances in quantum computing toward practical applications, the need…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-26 Jernej Rudi Finžgar , Philipp Ross , Leonhard Hölscher , Johannes Klepsch , Andre Luckow

The question about the existence of so-called ``hidden'' variables in quantum mechanics and the perception of the completeness of quantum mechanics are two sides of the same coin. Quantum analytical mechanics constitutes a completion of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-01 Wolfgang Paul

An attempt is made to formulate quantum mechanics (QM) in physical rather than in mathematical terms. It is argued that the appropriate conceptual framework for QM is "contextual objectivity", which includes an objective definition of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Philippe Grangier

The last two decades have seen an explosive growth in the theory and practice of both quantum computing and machine learning. Modern machine learning systems process huge volumes of data and demand massive computational power. As silicon…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-23 Viraj Kulkarni , Milind Kulkarni , Aniruddha Pant

We present a concise but complete conceptual treatment of quantum computing implemented with Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics (CQED. The paper is intended as a brief overview for professionals who are coming over to the field from other areas…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-10-25 Zachary Burell

Quantum computing systems rely on the principles of quantum mechanics to perform a multitude of computationally challenging tasks more efficiently than their classical counterparts. The architecture of software-intensive systems can empower…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Arif Ali Khan , Aakash Ahmad , Muhammad Waseem , Peng Liang , Mahdi Fahmideh , Tommi Mikkonen , Pekka Abrahamsson

Quantum network protocol development is crucial to realizing a production-grade network that can support distributed sensing, secure communication, and utility-scale quantum computation. However, the transition from laboratory demonstration…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Robert J. Hayek , Joaquin Chung , Rajkumar Kettimuthu

The theory of quantum computation is presented in a self contained way from a computer science perspective. The basics of classical computation and quantum mechanics is reviewed. The circuit model of quantum computation is presented in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Anders K. H. Bengtsson

The aim of a quantum network is to enable the generation of end-to-end entangled links between end nodes of the network, so that they can execute quantum network applications. To facilitate this, it is desirable to have robust control of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-24 Thomas R. Beauchamp , Scarlett Gauthier , Stephanie Wehner

Variational quantum algorithms exploit the features of superposition and entanglement to optimize a cost function efficiently by manipulating the quantum states. They are suitable for noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computers that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-29 Yunya Liu , Jiakun Liu , Jordan R. Raney , Pai Wang

Quantum software plays a critical role in exploiting the full potential of quantum computing systems. As a result, it is drawing increasing attention recently. As research in quantum programming reaches maturity with a number of active…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-17 Jianjun Zhao

Quantum computing systems need to be benchmarked in terms of practical tasks they would be expected to do. Here, we propose 3 "application-motivated" circuit classes for benchmarking: deep (relevant for state preparation in the variational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-24 Daniel Mills , Seyon Sivarajah , Travis L. Scholten , Ross Duncan

Quantum computing is an interdisciplinary field that relies on the expertise of many different stakeholders. The views of various stakeholders on the subject of quantum computing may differ, thereby complicating communication. To address…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-27 Joshua Ammermann , Wolfgang Mauerer , Ina Schaefer

Quantum computing relies on processing information within a quantum system with many continuous degrees of freedom. The practical implementation of this idea requires complete control over all of the 2^n independent amplitudes of a…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2007-05-23 M. I. Dyakonov

Quantum information processing offers promising advances for a wide range of fields and applications, provided that we can efficiently assess the performance of the control applied in candidate systems. That is, we must be able to determine…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-01-26 Christopher Granade , Christopher Ferrie , D. G. Cory