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With the rise of AI in recent years and the increase in complexity of the models, the growing demand in computational resources is starting to pose a significant challenge. The need for higher compute power is being met with increasingly…

We examine the computational energy requirements of different systems driven by the geometrical scaling law, and increasing use of Artificial Intelligence or Machine Learning (AI-ML) over the last decade. With more scientific and technology…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-11-30 Sadasivan Shankar , Albert Reuther

Deep learning has become widely used in complex AI applications. Yet, training a deep neural network (DNNs) model requires a considerable amount of calculations, long running time, and much energy. Nowadays, many-core AI accelerators (e.g.,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Yuxin Wang , Qiang Wang , Shaohuai Shi , Xin He , Zhenheng Tang , Kaiyong Zhao , Xiaowen Chu

Robustly estimating energy consumption in High-Performance Computing (HPC) is essential for assessing the energy footprint of modern workloads, particularly in fields such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) research, development, and…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Luis G. León-Vega , Niccolò Tosato , Stefano Cozzini

Artificial Intelligence (AI) workloads drive a rapid expansion of high-performance computing (HPC) infrastructures and increase their power and energy demands towards a critical level. AI benchmarks representing state-of-the art workloads…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Martin Mayr , Sebastian Wind , Lukas Schröder , Georg Hager , Harald Köstler , Gerhard Wellein

Deep learning (DL) can achieve impressive results across a wide variety of tasks, but this often comes at the cost of training models for extensive periods on specialized hardware accelerators. This energy-intensive workload has seen…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-07-08 Lasse F. Wolff Anthony , Benjamin Kanding , Raghavendra Selvan

In recent years, with the trend of applying deep learning (DL) in high performance scientific computing, the unique characteristics of emerging DL workloads in HPC raise great challenges in designing, implementing HPC AI systems. The…

Deep learning (DL) workflows demand an ever-increasing budget of compute and energy in order to achieve outsized gains. Neural architecture searches, hyperparameter sweeps, and rapid prototyping consume immense resources that can prevent…

Context: Along with developing Deep learning (DL) models, larger datasets and more complex model structures are applied, leading to rising computing resources and energy consumption, which is an alert that green DL models should receive…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Taoran Wang , Yanhui Li , Mingliang Ma , Lin Chen , Yuming Zhou

The use of deep learning (DL) on Internet of Things (IoT) and mobile devices offers numerous advantages over cloud-based processing. However, such devices face substantial energy constraints to prolong battery-life, or may even operate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Josh Millar , Hamed Haddadi , Anil Madhavapeddy

Modern machine learning models have started to consume incredible amounts of energy, thus incurring large carbon footprints (Strubell et al., 2019). To address this issue, we have created an energy estimation pipeline1, which allows…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Johannes Getzner , Bertrand Charpentier , Stephan Günnemann

The rapid progress in Deep Learning (DL) and Large Language Models (LLMs) has exponentially increased demands of computational power and bandwidth. This, combined with the high costs of faster computing chips and interconnects, has…

The scale of scientific High Performance Computing (HPC) and High Throughput Computing (HTC) has increased significantly in recent years, and is becoming sensitive to total energy use and cost. Energy-efficiency has thus become an important…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2014-10-14 David Abdurachmanov , Peter Elmer , Giulio Eulisse , Robert Knight , Tapio Niemi , Jukka K. Nurminen , Filip Nyback , Goncalo Pestana , Zhonghong Ou , Kashif Khan

The energy consumption of deep learning models is increasing at a breathtaking rate, which raises concerns due to potential negative effects on carbon neutrality in the context of global warming and climate change. With the progress of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Bo Li , Xinyang Jiang , Donglin Bai , Yuge Zhang , Ningxin Zheng , Xuanyi Dong , Lu Liu , Yuqing Yang , Dongsheng Li

Today, deep learning optimization is primarily driven by research focused on achieving high inference accuracy and reducing latency. However, the energy efficiency aspect is often overlooked, possibly due to a lack of sustainability mindset…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Xiaolong Tu , Anik Mallik , Dawei Chen , Kyungtae Han , Onur Altintas , Haoxin Wang , Jiang Xie

Recent breakthroughs in Deep Learning (DL) applications have made DL models a key component in almost every modern computing system. The increased popularity of DL applications deployed on a wide-spectrum of platforms have resulted in a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-17 Diana Marculescu , Dimitrios Stamoulis , Ermao Cai

Modern AI practices all strive towards the same goal: better results. In the context of deep learning, the term "results" often refers to the achieved accuracy on a competitive problem set. In this paper, we adopt an idea from the emerging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Tim Yarally , Luís Cruz , Daniel Feitosa , June Sallou , Arie van Deursen

Rapid adoption of machine learning (ML) technologies has led to a surge in power consumption across diverse systems, from tiny IoT devices to massive datacenter clusters. Benchmarking the energy efficiency of these systems is crucial for…

Machine learning and deep learning models have become essential in the recent fast development of artificial intelligence in many sectors of the society. It is now widely acknowledge that the development of these models has an environmental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Lucia Bouza Heguerte , Aurélie Bugeau , Loïc Lannelongue

High-performance computing (HPC) centers consume substantial power, incurring environmental and operational costs. This review assesses how artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML) and optimization, improves the…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Pierrick Pochelu , Hyacinthe Cartiaux , Julien Schleich
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