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Two aspects of neural networks that have been extensively studied in the recent literature are their function approximation properties and their training by gradient descent methods. The approximation problem seeks accurate approximations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-20 R. Gentile , G. Welper

Recent developments in applications of artificial neural networks with over $n=10^{14}$ parameters make it extremely important to study the large $n$ behaviour of such networks. Most works studying wide neural networks have focused on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Luís Carvalho , João Lopes Costa , José Mourão , Gonçalo Oliveira

As deep neural networks grow in size, from thousands to millions to billions of weights, the performance of those networks becomes limited by our ability to accurately train them. A common naive question arises: if we have a system with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-29 Nathan O. Hodas , Panos Stinis

Recently, neural networks have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in mapping two arbitrary sets to two linearly separable sets. The prospect of achieving this with randomly initialized neural networks is particularly appealing due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Promit Ghosal , Srinath Mahankali , Yihang Sun

We study the implicit bias of gradient flow (i.e., gradient descent with infinitesimal step size) on linear neural network training. We propose a tensor formulation of neural networks that includes fully-connected, diagonal, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Chulhee Yun , Shankar Krishnan , Hossein Mobahi

We develop a mathematically rigorous framework for multilayer neural networks in the mean field regime. As the network's widths increase, the network's learning trajectory is shown to be well captured by a meaningful and dynamically…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Phan-Minh Nguyen , Huy Tuan Pham

We consider the infinite-width limit of a fully connected deep neural network with general weights, and we prove quantitative general bounds on the $2$-Wasserstein distance between the network and its infinite-width Gaussian limit, under…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-05-05 Filippo Giovagnini , Sotirios Kotitsas , Marco Romito

The implicit bias induced by the training of neural networks has become a topic of rigorous study. In the limit of gradient flow and gradient descent with appropriate step size, it has been shown that when one trains a deep linear network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-27 Thien Le , Stefanie Jegelka

Modern machine learning models are often trained in a setting where the number of parameters exceeds the number of training samples. To understand the implicit bias of gradient descent in such overparameterized models, prior work has…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-29 Hannes Matt , Dominik Stöger

While a lot of progress has been made in recent years, the dynamics of learning in deep nonlinear neural networks remain to this day largely misunderstood. In this work, we study the case of binary classification and prove various…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Remi Tachet , Mohammad Pezeshki , Samira Shabanian , Aaron Courville , Yoshua Bengio

Adversarial training is a principled approach for training robust neural networks. Despite of tremendous successes in practice, its theoretical properties still remain largely unexplored. In this paper, we provide new theoretical insights…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-29 Yan Li , Ethan X. Fang , Huan Xu , Tuo Zhao

The limit of infinite width allows for substantial simplifications in the analytical study of over-parameterised neural networks. With a suitable random initialisation, an extremely large network exhibits an approximately Gaussian…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-14 Eugenio Clerico , George Deligiannidis , Arnaud Doucet

On a variety of tasks, the performance of neural networks predictably improves with training time, dataset size and model size across many orders of magnitude. This phenomenon is known as a neural scaling law. Of fundamental importance is…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-25 Blake Bordelon , Alexander Atanasov , Cengiz Pehlevan

This work examines the deep disconnect between existing theoretical analyses of gradient-based algorithms and the practice of training deep neural networks. Specifically, we provide numerical evidence that in large-scale neural network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Jingzhao Zhang , Haochuan Li , Suvrit Sra , Ali Jadbabaie

This paper investigates the approximation power of three types of random neural networks: (a) infinite width networks, with weights following an arbitrary distribution; (b) finite width networks obtained by subsampling the preceding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-21 Bolton Bailey , Ziwei Ji , Matus Telgarsky , Ruicheng Xian

We study the properties of alignment, a form of implicit regularization, in linear neural networks under gradient descent. We define alignment for fully connected networks with multidimensional outputs and show that it is a natural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Adityanarayanan Radhakrishnan , Eshaan Nichani , Daniel Bernstein , Caroline Uhler

Many supervised machine learning methods are naturally cast as optimization problems. For prediction models which are linear in their parameters, this often leads to convex problems for which many mathematical guarantees exist. Models which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-18 Francis Bach , Lenaïc Chizat

The Universal Approximation Theorem posits that neural networks can theoretically possess unlimited approximation capacity with a suitable activation function and a freely chosen or trained set of parameters. However, a more practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Li Liu , Tengchao Yu , Heng Yong

Deep learning models are increasingly deployed in safety-critical tasks where predictions must satisfy hard constraints, such as physical laws, fairness requirements, or safety limits. However, standard architectures lack built-in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Gonzalo E. Constante-Flores , Hao Chen , Can Li

The dynamics of gradient-based training in neural networks often exhibit nontrivial structures; hence, understanding them remains a central challenge in theoretical machine learning. In particular, a concept of feature unlearning, in which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Shota Imai , Sota Nishiyama , Masaaki Imaizumi