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Learning from positive and unlabeled data or PU learning is the setting where a learner only has access to positive examples and unlabeled data. The assumption is that the unlabeled data can contain both positive and negative examples. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-19 Jessa Bekker , Jesse Davis

Positive Unlabeled (PU) learning aims to learn a binary classifier from only positive and unlabeled data, which is utilized in many real-world scenarios. However, existing PU learning algorithms cannot deal with the real-world challenge in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-28 Zhongnian Li , Liutao Yang , Zhongchen Ma , Tongfeng Sun , Xinzheng Xu , Daoqiang Zhang

This study proposes a novel approach for solving the PU learning problem based on an anomaly-detection strategy. Latent encodings extracted from positive-labeled data are linearly combined to acquire new samples. These new samples are used…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Vasileios Sevetlidis , George Pavlidis , Spyridon Mouroutsos , Antonios Gasteratos

The scarcity of class-labeled data is a ubiquitous bottleneck in many machine learning problems. While abundant unlabeled data typically exist and provide a potential solution, it is highly challenging to exploit them. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Bing Yu , Ke Sun , He Wang , Zhouchen Lin , Zhanxing Zhu

Learning binary classifiers from positive and unlabeled data (PUL) is vital in many real-world applications, especially when verifying negative examples is difficult. Despite the impressive empirical performance of recent PUL methods,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Xinrui Wang , Wenhai Wan , Chuanxin Geng , Shaoyuan LI , Songcan Chen

Positive-unlabeled learning (PU learning) is known as a special case of semi-supervised binary classification where only a fraction of positive examples are labeled. The challenge is then to find the correct classifier despite this lack of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-01-19 Olivier Coudray , Christine Keribin , Pascal Massart , Patrick Pamphile

Existing algorithms aiming to learn a binary classifier from positive (P) and unlabeled (U) data generally require estimating the class prior or label noises ahead of building a classification model. However, the estimation and classifier…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-01 Tianyu Li , Chien-Chih Wang , Yukun Ma , Patricia Ortal , Qifang Zhao , Bjorn Stenger , Yu Hirate

Automated code vulnerability detection has gained increasing attention in recent years. The deep learning (DL)-based methods, which implicitly learn vulnerable code patterns, have proven effective in vulnerability detection. The performance…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Xin-Cheng Wen , Xinchen Wang , Cuiyun Gao , Shaohua Wang , Yang Liu , Zhaoquan Gu

We consider the problem of learning a binary classifier from only positive and unlabeled observations (called PU learning). Recent studies in PU learning have shown superior performance theoretically and empirically. However, most existing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-02-21 Yongchan Kwon , Wonyoung Kim , Masashi Sugiyama , Myunghee Cho Paik

Pretext Invariant Representation Learning (PIRL) followed by Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) has become a standard paradigm for learning with limited labels. We extend this approach to the Positive Unlabeled (PU) setting, where only a small…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Anish Acharya , Li Jing , Bhargav Bhushanam , Dhruv Choudhary , Michael Rabbat , Sujay Sanghavi , Inderjit S Dhillon

Positive-Unlabeled (PU) learning presents unique challenges due to the lack of explicitly labeled negative samples, particularly in high-stakes domains such as fraud detection and medical diagnosis. To address data scarcity and privacy…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-17 Jialei Liu , Jun Liao , Kuangnan Fang

Positive-unlabeled (PU) learning addresses binary classification when only a set of labeled positives is available alongside a pool of unlabeled samples drawn from a mixture of positives and negatives. Existing PU methods typically require…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-08 Siyan Liu , Yi Chang , Manli Cheng , Qinglong Tian , Pengfei Li

We address the issue of binary classification from positive and unlabeled data (PU classification) with a selection bias in the positive data. During the observation process, (i) a sample is exposed to a user, (ii) the user then returns the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Masahiro Kato , Shuting Wu , Kodai Kureishi , Shota Yasui

In this study, we propose a method for identifying potential customers in targeted marketing by applying learning from positive and unlabeled data (PU learning). We consider a scenario in which a company sells a product and can observe only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Masahiro Kato , Yuki Ikeda , Kentaro Baba , Takashi Imai , Ryo Inokuchi

Malicious bots make up about a quarter of all traffic on the web, and degrade the performance of personalization and recommendation algorithms that operate on e-commerce sites. Positive-Unlabeled learning (PU learning) provides the ability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Sunny Dhamnani , Ritwik Sinha , Vishwa Vinay , Lilly Kumari , Margarita Savova

With surge of available but unlabeled data, Positive Unlabeled (PU) learning is becoming a thriving challenge. This work deals with this demanding task for which recent GAN-based PU approaches have demonstrated promising results. Generative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-07 Florent Chiaroni , Ghazaleh Khodabandelou , Mohamed-Cherif Rahal , Nicolas Hueber , Frederic Dufaux

Extracting noisy or incorrectly labeled samples from a labeled dataset with hard/difficult samples is an important yet under-explored topic. Two general and often independent lines of work exist, one focuses on addressing noisy labels, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Mahsa Forouzesh , Patrick Thiran

We consider the problem of learning a binary classifier from a training set of positive and unlabeled examples, both in the inductive and in the transductive setting. This problem, often referred to as \emph{PU learning}, differs from the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2010-10-06 Fantine Mordelet , Jean-Philippe Vert

From only positive (P) and unlabeled (U) data, a binary classifier could be trained with PU learning, in which the state of the art is unbiased PU learning. However, if its model is very flexible, empirical risks on training data will go…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-07 Ryuichi Kiryo , Gang Niu , Marthinus C. du Plessis , Masashi Sugiyama

Domain Adaptation methodologies have shown to effectively generalize from a labeled source domain to a label scarce target domain. Previous research has either focused on unlabeled domain adaptation without any target supervision or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-14 Jonas Sonntag , Gunnar Behrens , Lars Schmidt-Thieme