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The diagnosis and prognosis of cancer are typically based on multi-modal clinical data, including histology images and genomic data, due to the complex pathogenesis and high heterogeneity. Despite the advancements in digital pathology and…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2024-04-15 Zeyu Zhang , Yuanshen Zhao , Jingxian Duan , Yaou Liu , Hairong Zheng , Dong Liang , Zhenyu Zhang , Zhi-Cheng Li

Weakly supervised whole slide image (WSI) classification is challenging due to the lack of patch-level labels and high computational costs. State-of-the-art methods use self-supervised patch-wise feature representations for multiple…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Wentao Huang , Xiaoling Hu , Shahira Abousamra , Prateek Prasanna , Chao Chen

Survival outcome assessment is challenging and inherently associated with multiple clinical factors (e.g., imaging and genomics biomarkers) in cancer. Enabling multimodal analytics promises to reveal novel predictive patterns of patient…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Kexin Ding , Mu Zhou , Dimitris N. Metaxas , Shaoting Zhang

Computational pathology and whole-slide image (WSI) analysis are pivotal in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, the ultra-high resolution of WSIs presents significant modeling challenges. Recent advancements in pathology foundation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Honglin Li , Zhongyi Shui , Yunlong Zhang , Chenglu Zhu , Lin Yang

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has been increasingly used in the classification of histopathology whole slide images (WSIs). However, MIL approaches for this specific classification problem still face unique challenges, particularly those…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Hongrun Zhang , Yanda Meng , Yitian Zhao , Yihong Qiao , Xiaoyun Yang , Sarah E. Coupland , Yalin Zheng

Poor performance of quantitative analysis in histopathological Whole Slide Images (WSI) has been a significant obstacle in clinical practice. Annotating large-scale WSIs manually is a demanding and time-consuming task, unlikely to yield the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-08 Sarah Cechnicka , James Ball , Hadrien Reynaud , Callum Arthurs , Candice Roufosse , Bernhard Kainz

Recently there have been many algorithms proposed for the classification of very high resolution whole slide images (WSIs). These new algorithms are mostly focused on finding novel ways to combine the information from small local patches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Long Nguyen , Aiden Nibali , Joshua Millward , Zhen He

Whole Slide Image (WSI) representation is critical for cancer subtyping, cancer recognition and mutation prediction.Training an end-to-end WSI representation model poses significant challenges, as a standard gigapixel slide can contain tens…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Jing Jin , Xu Liu , Te Gao , Zhihong Shi , Yixiong Liang , Ruiqing Zheng , Hulin Kuang , Min Zeng , Shichao Kan

Deep learning is a powerful tool for whole slide image (WSI) analysis. Typically, when performing supervised deep learning, a WSI is divided into small patches, trained and the outcomes are aggregated to estimate disease grade. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Yi Zheng , Rushin H. Gindra , Emily J. Green , Eric J. Burks , Margrit Betke , Jennifer E. Beane , Vijaya B. Kolachalama

Several deep learning algorithms have been developed to predict survival of cancer patients using whole slide images (WSIs).However, identification of image phenotypes within the WSIs that are relevant to patient survival and disease…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-30 Xingyu Li , Jitendra Jonnagaddala , Min Cen , Hong Zhang , Xu Steven Xu

Various multi-instance learning (MIL) based approaches have been developed and successfully applied to whole-slide pathological images (WSI). Existing MIL methods emphasize the importance of feature aggregators, but largely neglect the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yicheng Song , Tiancheng Lin , Die Peng , Su Yang , Yi Xu

Whole slide images (WSIs) enable weakly supervised prognostic modeling via multiple instance learning (MIL). Spatial transcriptomics (ST) preserves in situ gene expression, providing a spatial molecular context that complements morphology.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Lihe Liu , Xiaoxi Pan , Yinyin Yuan , Lulu Shang

Whole-slide image (WSI) analysis remains challenging due to the gigapixel scale and sparsely distributed diagnostic regions. Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) mitigates this by modeling the WSI as bags of patches for slide-level prediction.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Yujian Liu , Yuechuan Lin , Dongxu Shen , Haoran Li , Yutong Wang , Xiaoli Liu , Shidang Xu

In modern cancer diagnostics, Whole Slide Imaging (WSI) is widely used to digitize tissue specimens for detailed, high-resolution examination; however, other diagnostic approaches, such as liquid biopsy and molecular testing, are also…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Seyed Kahaki , Alexander R. Webber , Ghada Zamzmi , Adarsh Subbaswamy , Rucha Deshpande , Aldo Badano

Advancement in digital pathology and artificial intelligence has enabled deep learning-based computer vision techniques for automated disease diagnosis and prognosis. However, WSIs present unique computational and algorithmic challenges.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-15 Yash Sharma , Lubaina Ehsan , Sana Syed , Donald E. Brown

Cancer subtyping is one of the most challenging tasks in digital pathology, where Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) by processing gigapixel whole slide images (WSIs) has been in the spotlight of recent research. However, MIL approaches do…

Whole Slide Imaging (WSI), which involves high-resolution digital scans of pathology slides, has become the gold standard for cancer diagnosis, but its gigapixel resolution and the scarcity of annotated datasets present challenges for deep…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-03 Rita Pereira , M. Rita Verdelho , Catarina Barata , Carlos Santiago

Whole slide imaging is routinely adopted for carcinoma diagnosis and prognosis. Abundant experience is required for pathologists to achieve accurate and reliable diagnostic results of whole slide images (WSI). The huge size and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Pingyi Chen , Chenglu Zhu , Sunyi Zheng , Honglin Li , Lin Yang

In computational pathology, multiple instance learning (MIL) is widely used to circumvent the computational impasse in giga-pixel whole slide image (WSI) analysis. It usually consists of two stages: patch-level feature extraction and…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-21 Beidi Zhao , Wenlong Deng , Zi Han , Li , Chen Zhou , Zuhua Gao , Gang Wang , Xiaoxiao Li

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) are giga-pixel in scale and are typically partitioned into small instances in WSI classification pipelines for computational feasibility. However, obtaining extensive instance level annotations is costly, making…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Jayanie Bogahawatte , Sachith Seneviratne , Saman Halgamuge
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