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A non-Clifford gate is required for universal quantum computation, and, typically, this is the most error-prone and resource intensive logical operation on an error-correcting code. Small, single-qubit rotations are popular choices for this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-05 Ryuji Takagi , Theodore J. Yoder , Isaac L. Chuang

As quantum photonic hardware scales toward computationally relevant sizes, energy consumption has emerged as a key constraint. Programmable photonic integrated circuits, composed of interferometer meshes with tunable phase modulators,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-06 Maria Carolina Volpato , Gabriel da Silva Sampaio , Pierre-Louis de Assis

A crucial subroutine in quantum computing is to load the classical data of $N$ complex numbers into the amplitude of a superposed $n=\lceil \log_2N\rceil$-qubit state. It has been proven that any algorithm universally implementing this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-13 Xiao-Ming Zhang , Man-Hong Yung , Xiao Yuan

The hope of the quantum computing field is that quantum architectures are able to scale up and realize fault-tolerant quantum computing. Due to engineering challenges, such ''cheap'' error correction may be decades away. In the meantime, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-17 Rutuja Kshirsagar , Amara Katabarwa , Peter D. Johnson

Scaling up to a large number of qubits with high-precision control is essential in the demonstrations of quantum computational advantage to exponentially outpace the classical hardware and algorithmic improvements. Here, we develop a…

Quantum random-access look-up of a string of classical bits is a necessary ingredient in several important quantum algorithms. In some cases, the cost of such quantum random-access memory (qRAM) is the limiting factor in the implementation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-24 Olivia Di Matteo , Vlad Gheorghiu , Michele Mosca

We found that the actual computational time-cost of the QFT is O(n 2^n) for large n in a quantum computer using nuclear spins. The computational cost of a quantum algorithm has usually been estimated as the sum of the universal gates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 A. Saito , K. Kioi , Y. Akagi , N. Hashizume , K. Ohta

There are well-known protocols for performing CNOT quantum logic with qubits coupled by particular high-symmetry (Ising or Heisenberg) interactions. However, many architectures being considered for quantum computation involve qubits or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Michael R. Geller , Emily J. Pritchett , Andrei Galiautdinov , John M. Martinis

We show how the execution time of algorithms on quantum computers depends on the architecture of the quantum computer, the choice of algorithms (including subroutines such as arithmetic), and the ``clock speed'' of the quantum computer. The…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Rodney Van Meter , Kohei M. Itoh , Thaddeus D. Ladd

Suppressing errors is the central challenge for useful quantum computing, requiring quantum error correction for large-scale processing. However, the overhead in the realization of error-corrected ``logical'' qubits, where information is…

Holistic resource estimates are essential for guiding the development of fault-tolerant quantum algorithms and the computers they will run on. This is particularly true when we focus on highly-constrained early fault-tolerant devices. Many…

It is well understood that a two-dimensional grid of locally-interacting qubits is a promising platform for achieving fault tolerant quantum computing. However in the near-future, it may prove less challenging to develop lower dimensional…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-28 Adam Siegel , Armands Strikis , Michael Fogarty

These notes present a review of the status of quantum computing with arrays of neutral atom qubits, an approach which has demonstrated remarkable progress in the last few years. Scaling digital quantum computing to qubit counts and control…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-11 M. Saffman

Quantum computing not only holds the potential to solve long-standing problems in quantum physics, but also to offer speed-ups across a broad spectrum of other fields. However, due to the noise and the limited scale of current quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-05 Julien Gacon

We propose a method for implementation of a quantum computer using artificial molecules. The artificial molecule consists of two coupled quantum dots stacked along z direction and one single electron. One-qubit and two-qubit gates are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-10-31 Nan-Jian Wu , M. Kamada , A. Natori , H. Yasunaga

Quantum error correction is believed to be essential for scalable quantum computation, but its implementation is challenging due to its considerable space-time overhead. Motivated by recent experiments demonstrating efficient manipulation…

Quantum computing promises revolutionary advances in modeling materials and molecules. However, the up-to-date runtime estimates for utility-scale applications on certain quantum hardware systems are in the order of years rendering quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-21 Katerina Gratsea , Matthew Otten

Current experiments are taking the first steps toward noise-resilient logical qubits. Crucially, a quantum computer must not merely store information, but also process it. A fault-tolerant computational procedure ensures that errors do not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-13 Earl T. Campbell , Barbara M. Terhal , Christophe Vuillot

Scalable quantum computation with linear optics was considered to be impossible due to the lack of efficient two-qubit logic gates, despite its ease of implementation of one-qubit gates. Two-qubit gates necessarily need a nonlinear…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Jonathan P. Dowling , James D. Franson , Hwang Lee , Gerald J. Milburn

Standard approaches to quantum computing require significant overhead to correct for errors. The hardware size for conventional quantum processors in solids often increases linearly with the number of physical qubits, such as for transmon…