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To realize a global quantum Internet, there is a need for communication between quantum subnetworks. To accomplish this task, there have been multiple design proposals for a quantum backbone network and quantum subnetworks. In this work, we…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-31 Francesco Vista , Daniel Holme , Stephen DiAdamo

The growth of modern technological sectors have risen to such a spectacular level that the blessings of technology have spread to every corner of the world, even to remote corners. At present, technological development finds its basis in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-29 Syed Rakib Hasan , Mostafa Zaman Chowdhury , Md. Saiam , Yeong Min Jang

As an extension of quantum key distribution, secure communication among multiple users is an essential task in a quantum network. When the quantum network structure becomes complicated with a large number of users, it is important to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-13 Hongyi Zhou , Kefan Lv , Longbo Huang , Xiongfeng Ma

This article summarises the current status of classical communication networks and identifies some critical open research challenges that can only be solved by leveraging quantum technologies. By now, the main goal of quantum communication…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Roberto Ferrara , Riccardo Bassoli , Christian Deppe , Frank H. P. Fitzek , Holger Boche

The goal of future quantum networks is to enable new internet applications that are impossible to achieve using solely classical communication. Up to now, demonstrations of quantum network applications and functionalities on quantum…

The creation of a global quantum network is within reach combining satellite links and quantum memory based approaches. Applications will range from secure communication and fundamental physics experiments to a future quantum internet.

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-22 Christoph Simon

We first give a brief overview over quantum computing, quantum key distribution (QKD), a practical architecture that integrates (QKD) in current internet security architectures, and aspects of network security. We introduce the concept of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 B. Aoun , M. Tarifi

Quantum Communications Networks using the properties of qubits, namely state superposition, no-cloning and entanglement, can enable the exchange of information in a very secure manner across optical links or free space. New innovations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-01 Dinesh Verma , Eden Figueroa , Gabriella Carini , Mark Ritter

Quantum network protocol development is crucial to realizing a production-grade network that can support distributed sensing, secure communication, and utility-scale quantum computation. However, the transition from laboratory demonstration…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Robert J. Hayek , Joaquin Chung , Rajkumar Kettimuthu

Quantum networks offer a unifying set of opportunities and challenges across exciting intellectual and technical frontiers, including for quantum computation, communication, and metrology. The realization of quantum networks composed of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 H. J. Kimble

The development of a future, global quantum communication network (or quantum internet) will enable high rate private communication and entanglement distribution over very long distances. However, the large-scale performance of ground-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-29 Cillian Harney , Stefano Pirandola

Following the emergence of quantum computing, the subsequent quantum revolution will be that of interconnecting individual quantum computers at global level. In the same way that classical computers only realised their full potential with…

The existence of universal quantum computers has been theoretically well established. However, building up a real quantum computer system not only relies on the theory of universality, but also needs methods to satisfy requirements on other…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-15 Y. -T. Liu , K. Wang , Y. -D. Liu , D. -S. Wang

The second quantum revolution brings with it the promise of a quantum internet. As the first quantum network hardware prototypes near completion new challenges emerge. A functional network is more than just the physical hardware, yet work…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-12-02 Wojciech Kozlowski , Axel Dahlberg , Stephanie Wehner

Quantum networks are advancing the information technology infrastructure of society. Simulation and emulation software tools have emerged to support the design, development, and deployment of quantum networks, however, classical simulation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Brian Doolittle , Michael Cubeddu

These are exciting times for quantum physics as new quantum technologies are expected to soon transform computing at an unprecedented level. Simultaneously network science is flourishing proving an ideal mathematical and computational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-13 Johannes Nokkala , Jyrki Piilo , Ginestra Bianconi

Quantum computing is poised to redefine the algorithmic foundations of communication systems. While quantum superposition and entanglement enable quadratic or exponential speedups for specific problems, identifying use cases where these…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-10 Naoki Ishikawa , Giuseppe Thadeu Freitas de Abreu , Petar Popovski , Robert W. Heath

We introduce the concept of 1Q, the first wireless generation of integrated classical and quantum communication. 1Q features quantum base stations (QBSs) that support entanglement distribution via free-space optical links alongside…

The absence of a common framework for benchmarking quantum networks is an obstacle to comparing the capabilities of different quantum networks. We propose a general framework for quantifying the performance of a quantum network, which is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-20 Yuan Lee , Wenhan Dai , Don Towsley , Dirk Englund

We propose an architecture for scheduling network operations enabling the end-to-end generation of entanglement according to user demand. The main challenge solved by this architecture is to allow for the integration of a network schedule…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-10 Thomas R. Beauchamp , Hana Jirovská , Scarlett Gauthier , Stephanie Wehner