English
Related papers

Related papers: Solving math word problems with process- and outco…

200 papers

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong performance in many reasoning benchmarks. However, recent studies have pointed to memorization, rather than generalization, as one of the leading causes for such performance. LLMs, in fact, are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Xingwei Tan , Marco Valentino , Mahmud Akhter , Maria Liakata , Nikolaos Aletras

Language Models (LMs) have shown impressive performance in various natural language tasks. However, when it comes to natural language reasoning, LMs still face challenges such as hallucination, generating incorrect intermediate reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Deepak Nathani , David Wang , Liangming Pan , William Yang Wang

Reasoning has emerged as the next major frontier for language models (LMs), with rapid advances from both academic and industrial labs. However, this progress often outpaces methodological rigor, with many evaluations relying on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Andreas Hochlehnert , Hardik Bhatnagar , Vishaal Udandarao , Samuel Albanie , Ameya Prabhu , Matthias Bethge

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown promising capabilities for solving Operations Research (OR) problems. While reinforcement learning serves as a powerful paradigm for LLM training on OR problems, existing works generally face two key…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Chenyu Zhou , Tianyi Xu , Jianghao Lin , Dongdong Ge

Recent advancements in the field of large language models, particularly through the Chain of Thought (CoT) approach, have demonstrated significant improvements in solving complex problems. However, existing models either tend to sacrifice…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Yijiong Yu

Solving math word problems (MWPs) is an important and challenging problem in natural language processing. Existing approaches to solve MWPs require full supervision in the form of intermediate equations. However, labeling every MWP with its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Oishik Chatterjee , Isha Pandey , Aashish Waikar , Vishwajeet Kumar , Ganesh Ramakrishnan

Diffusion-based large language models offer a non-autoregressive alternative for text generation, but enabling them to perform complex reasoning remains challenging. Reinforcement learning has recently emerged as an effective post-training…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Shaoan Xie , Lingjing Kong , Xiangchen Song , Xinshuai Dong , Guangyi Chen , Eric P. Xing , Kun Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) are now used in multi-turn workflows, but we still lack a clear way to measure when iteration helps and when it hurts. We present an evaluation framework for iterative refinement that spans ideation, code, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Shashidhar Reddy Javaji , Bhavul Gauri , Zining Zhu

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a promising paradigm for optimizing Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) in complex reasoning tasks. However, traditional outcome-based RL approaches often suffer from reward sparsity and inefficient…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zhao Wang , Ziliang Zhao , Zhicheng Dou

We consider problems of making sequences of decisions to accomplish tasks, interacting via the medium of language. These problems are often tackled with reinforcement learning approaches. We find that these models do not generalize well…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Xusen Yin , Ralph Weischedel , Jonathan May

Large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated remarkable success in mathematical reasoning. Despite progress in methods like chain-of-thought prompting and self-consistency sampling, these advances often focus on final correctness…

Automatically generating high-quality step-by-step solutions to math word problems has many applications in education. Recently, combining large language models (LLMs) with external tools to perform complex reasoning and calculation has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Joy He-Yueya , Gabriel Poesia , Rose E. Wang , Noah D. Goodman

In this paper, we offer a guide for researchers on evaluating reasoning in language models, building the case that reasoning should be assessed through evidence of adaptive, multi-step search rather than final-answer accuracy alone. Under…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Munachiso Samuel Nwadike , Zangir Iklassov , Kareem Ali , Rifo Genadi , Kentaro Inui

Few-shot learning is a challenging task that requires language models to generalize from limited examples. Large language models like GPT-3 and PaLM have made impressive progress in this area, but they still face difficulties in reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Yifei Li , Zeqi Lin , Shizhuo Zhang , Qiang Fu , Bei Chen , Jian-Guang Lou , Weizhu Chen

In the 1980s a new, extraordinarily productive way of reasoning about algorithms emerged. In this paper, we introduce the term "outcome reasoning" to refer to this form of reasoning. Though outcome reasoning has come to dominate areas of…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2023-02-16 Jordan Rodu , Michael Baiocchi

We show that explicit pragmatic inference aids in correctly generating and following natural language instructions for complex, sequential tasks. Our pragmatics-enabled models reason about why speakers produce certain instructions, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-30 Daniel Fried , Jacob Andreas , Dan Klein

Large language models have been shown to suffer from reasoning inconsistency issues. That is, they fail more in situations unfamiliar to the training data, even though exact or very similar reasoning paths exist in more common cases that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Ben Zhou , Sarthak Jain , Yi Zhang , Qiang Ning , Shuai Wang , Yassine Benajiba , Dan Roth

In mathematical proof education, there remains a need for interventions that help students learn to write mathematical proofs. Research has shown that timely feedback can be very helpful to students learning new skills. While for many years…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Chenyan Zhao , Mariana Silva , Seth Poulsen

As the widespread adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs) accelerates, token consumption from intermediate reasoning traces increasingly contributes to inference latency and operational cost. Recent studies suggest that many real-world…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Richmond Sin Jing Xuan , Rishabh Bhardwaj , Soujanya Poria

Reasoning-enhanced large language models (LLMs) explicitly generate intermediate reasoning steps prior to generating final answers, helping the model excel in complex problem-solving. In this paper, we demonstrate that this emerging…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Tong Wu , Chong Xiang , Jiachen T. Wang , G. Edward Suh , Prateek Mittal