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Blockchain smart contracts have emerged as a transformative force in the digital realm, spawning a diverse range of compelling applications. Since solidity smart contracts across various domains manage trillions of dollars in virtual coins,…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Zhiyuan Wei , Xianhao Zhang , Jing Sun , Zijian Zhang , Liehuang Zhu

Context: Decentralized applications on blockchain platforms are realized through smart contracts. However, participants who lack programming knowledge often have difficulties reading the smart contract source codes, which leads to potential…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Chaochen Shi , Yong Xiang , Jiangshan Yu , Keshav Sood , Longxiang Gao

Ethereum smart contracts are automated decentralized applications on the blockchain that describe the terms of the agreement between buyers and sellers, reducing the need for trusted intermediaries and arbitration. However, the deployment…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-24 Oliver Lutz , Huili Chen , Hossein Fereidooni , Christoph Sendner , Alexandra Dmitrienko , Ahmad Reza Sadeghi , Farinaz Koushanfar

The irreversible nature of blockchain transactions makes the identification of smart contract vulnerabilities an essential requirement for secure system development. While Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Stefan-Claudiu Susan , Andrei Arusoaie , Dorel Lucanu

Although almost all information about Smart Contract addresses is shared via websites, emails, or other forms of digital communication, Blockchains and distributed ledger technology are unable to establish secure bindings between websites…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-04-30 Ulrich Gallersdörfer , Florian Matthes

The wide application of Ethereum technology has brought technological innovation to traditional industries. As one of Ethereum's core applications, smart contracts utilize diverse contract codes to meet various functional needs and have…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Jiacheng Yao , Maolin Wang , Wanqi Chen , Chengxiang Jin , Jiajun Zhou , Shanqing Yu , Qi Xuan

Smart contracts, as a key component of blockchain technology, play a crucial role in ensuring the automation of transactions and adherence to protocol rules. However, smart contracts are susceptible to security vulnerabilities, which, if…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Yuying Du , Xueyan Tang

Smart contracts are self-executing programs on a blockchain to ensure immutable and transparent agreements without the involvement of intermediaries. Despite the growing popularity of smart contracts for many blockchain platforms like…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Taeyoung Kim , Yunhee Jang , Chanjong Lee , Hyungjoon Koo , Hyoungshick Kim

As blockchain technology continues to evolve, the security of smart contracts has increasingly drawn attention from both academia and industry. The Move language, with its unique resource model and linear type system, provides a solid…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yuhe Luo , Zhongwen Li , Xiaoqi Li

Cryptocurrency has been subject to illicit activities probably more often than traditional financial assets due to the pseudo-anonymous nature of its transacting entities. An ideal detection model is expected to achieve all three critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Ling Cheng , Feida Zhu , Yong Wang , Ruicheng Liang , Huiwen Liu

Smart contracts on a blockchain behave precisely as specified by their code. A vulnerability in this code can lead to unexpected behaviour, which is hard to fix because a blockchain does not allow to change smart contract code after its…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Markus Knecht

Smart contracts manage a large number of digital assets nowadays. Bugs in these contracts have led to significant financial loss. Verifying the correctness of smart contracts is, therefore, an important task. This paper presents an…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Haoxian Chen , Lan Lu , Brendan Massey , Yuepeng Wang , Boon Thau Loo

Smart contracts are small programs on the blockchain that often handle valuable assets. Vulnerabilities in smart contracts can be costly, as time has shown over and over again. Countermeasures are high in demand and include best practice…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-03 Monika di Angelo , Gernot Salzer

Smart contracts are crucial elements of decentralized technologies, but they face significant obstacles to trustworthiness due to security bugs and trapdoors. To address the core issue, we propose a technology that enables programmers to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-04-19 Nikolaj Bjørner , Shuo Chen , Yang Chen , Zhongxin Guo , Peng Liu , Nanqing Luo

Programming errors in Ethereum smart contracts can result in catastrophic financial losses from stolen cryptocurrency. While vulnerability detectors can prevent vulnerable contracts from being deployed, this does not mean that such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Simon Joseph Aquilina , Fran Casino , Mark Vella , Joshua Ellul , Constantinos Patsakis

Blockchain technology has experienced rapid growth and has been widely adopted across various sectors, including healthcare, finance, and energy. However, blockchain platforms remain vulnerable to a broad range of cyberattacks, particularly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Do Hai Son , Le Vu Hieu , Tran Viet Khoa , Yibeltal F. Alem , Hoang Trong Minh , Tran Thi Thuy Quynh , Nguyen Viet Ha , Nguyen Linh Trung

Smart contracts play a central role in blockchain systems by encoding financial and operational logic. Still, their susceptibility to subtle security flaws poses significant risks of financial loss and erosion of trust. LLMs create new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Eduardo Sardenberg , Antonio José Grandson Busson , Daniel de Sousa Moraes , Julio Cesar Duarte , Sérgio Colcher

Smart contracts enable contract terms to be automatically executed and verified on the blockchain, and recent years have witnessed numerous applications of them in areas such as financial institutions and supply chains. The execution logic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Lantian Li , Yuyu Chen , Jingwen Wu , Yue Pan , Zhongxing Yu

This article aims to study intrusion attacks and then develop a novel cyberattack detection framework to detect cyberattacks at the network layer (e.g., Brute Password and Flooding of Transactions) of blockchain networks. Specifically, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Tran Viet Khoa , Do Hai Son , Dinh Thai Hoang , Nguyen Linh Trung , Tran Thi Thuy Quynh , Diep N. Nguyen , Nguyen Viet Ha , Eryk Dutkiewicz

We propose a formal approach for specifying and implementing decentralised coordination in distributed systems, with a focus on smart contracts. Our model captures dynamic roles, data-driven transitions, and external coordination…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Elvis Konjoh Selabi , Maurizio Murgia , António Ravara , Emilio Tuosto