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Related papers: Group SELFIES: A Robust Fragment-Based Molecular S…

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We compare the ability of a simulated annealing program and an evolutionary algorithm to find molecules with large molecular average hyperpolarizabilities. This property is an important component of nonlinear optical materials. Both…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-02-19 Dominic Mashak , S. A. Alexander

Retrosynthesis prediction is fundamental to drug discovery and chemical synthesis, requiring the identification of reactants that can produce a target molecule. Current template-free methods struggle to capture the structural invariance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Jiaxi Zhuang , Yu Zhang , Aimin Zhou , Ying Qian

Molecule generation is a task made very difficult by the complex ways in which we represent molecules computationally. A common technique used in molecular generative modeling is to use SMILES strings with recurrent neural networks built…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-02-28 Divahar Sivanesan

Molecules are graphs, but large language models~(LLMs) are usually asked to reason about them through linear strings. The most popular molecular representation, SMILES, compresses atoms, bonds, branches and rings into a compact sequence in…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2026-05-19 Zhiyuan Yan , Chen Liu , Boxuan Zhao , Kaiqing Lin , Jixiang Zhao , Yimi Wang , Liuzhenghao Lv , Hao Li , Shanzhuo Zhang , Li Yuan , Fanyang Mo

Complex chemical structures, like drugs, are usually defined by SMILES strings as a sequence of molecules and bonds. These SMILES strings are used in different complex machine learning-based drug-related research and representation works.…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2024-03-29 Azmine Toushik Wasi , Šerbetar Karlo , Raima Islam , Taki Hasan Rafi , Dong-Kyu Chae

SMILES-based molecular generative models have been pivotal in drug design but face challenges in fragment-constrained tasks. To address this, the Sequential Attachment-based Fragment Embedding (SAFE) representation was recently introduced…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Yassir El Mesbahi , Emmanuel Noutahi

Representing molecular structures effectively in chemistry remains a challenging task. Language models and graph-based models are extensively utilized within this domain, consistently achieving state-of-the-art results across an array of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Nikolai Rekut , Alexey Orlov , Klea Ziu , Elizaveta Starykh , Martin Takac , Aleksandr Beznosikov

Based on the traditional VAE, a novel neural network model is presented, with the latest molecular representation, SELFIES, to improve the effect of generating new molecules. In this model, multi-layer convolutional network and Fisher…

Biomolecules · Quantitative Biology 2023-05-03 Li Kai , Li Ning , Zhang Wei , Gao Ming

We seek to automate the design of molecules based on specific chemical properties. In computational terms, this task involves continuous embedding and generation of molecular graphs. Our primary contribution is the direct realization of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-01 Wengong Jin , Regina Barzilay , Tommi Jaakkola

Molecular generation plays an important role in drug discovery and materials science, especially in data-scarce scenarios where traditional generative models often struggle to achieve satisfactory conditional generalization. To address this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Zimo Yan , Jie Zhang , Zheng Xie , Chang Liu , Yizhen Liu , Yiping Song

Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System (SMILES) is a single line text representation of a unique molecule. One molecule can however have multiple SMILES strings, which is a reason that canonical SMILES have been defined, which ensures…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-18 Esben Jannik Bjerrum

Linearized string representations serve as the foundation of scalable autoregressive molecular generation; however, they introduce a fundamental modality mismatch where a single molecular graph maps to multiple distinct sequences. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Xinyu Wang , Fei Dou , Jinbo Bi , Minghu Song

Recent research in molecular discovery has primarily been devoted to small, drug-like molecules, leaving many similarly important applications in material design without adequate technology. These applications often rely on more complex…

Molecular structure recognition is the task of translating a molecular image into its graph structure. Significant variation in drawing styles and conventions exhibited in chemical literature poses a significant challenge for automating…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-22 Yujie Qian , Jiang Guo , Zhengkai Tu , Zhening Li , Connor W. Coley , Regina Barzilay

Molecular graphs generally contain subgraphs (known as groups) that are identifiable and significant in composition, functionality, geometry, etc. Flat latent representations (node embeddings or graph embeddings) fail to represent, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-05 Daniel T. Chang

Molecular representation is a critical element in our understanding of the physical world and the foundation for modern molecular machine learning. Previous molecular machine learning models have employed strings, fingerprints, global…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Daniil A. Boiko , Thiago Reschützegger , Benjamin Sanchez-Lengeling , Samuel M. Blau , Gabe Gomes

Molecular representation learning methods typically tokenize molecules as individual atoms or use rigid, rule-based fragment decompositions, limiting their ability to capture meaningful chemical substructure context. We introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Ankur Samanta , Rohan Gupta , Aditi Misra , Christian McIntosh Clarke , Jayakumar Rajadas

Accurate molecular property prediction (MPP) is a critical step in modern drug development. However, the scarcity of experimental validation data poses a significant challenge to AI-driven research paradigms. Under few-shot learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yifan Dai , Xuanbai Ren , Tengfei Ma , Qipeng Yan , Yiping Liu , Yuansheng Liu , Xiangxiang Zeng

Molecular representation learning has become a central approach in AI-driven drug discovery, yet existing molecular tokenizations such as SMILES remain largely syntactic and do not naturally align with chemically meaningful substructures.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Takayuki Kimura

Molecular property prediction has attracted substantial attention recently. Accurate prediction of drug properties relies heavily on effective molecular representations. The structures of chemical compounds are commonly represented as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Anyin Zhao , Zuquan Chen , Zhengyu Fang , Xiaoge Zhang , Jing Li