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Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have significantly advanced vision-language understanding. However, even state-of-the-art models struggle with geometric reasoning, revealing a critical bottleneck: the extreme scarcity of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Zhengbo Jiao , Shaobo Wang , Zifan Zhang , Wei Wang , Bing Zhao , Hu Wei , Linfeng Zhang

Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are ubiquitous in almost all levels of education since they are easy to administer, grade, and are a reliable format in assessments and practices. One of the most important aspects of MCQs is the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Wanyong Feng , Jaewook Lee , Hunter McNichols , Alexander Scarlatos , Digory Smith , Simon Woodhead , Nancy Otero Ornelas , Andrew Lan

Large language models can perform various reasoning tasks by using chain-of-thought prompting, which guides them to find answers through step-by-step demonstrations. However, the quality of the prompts depends on the demonstrations given to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Zhihong Shao , Yeyun Gong , Yelong Shen , Minlie Huang , Nan Duan , Weizhu Chen

Intuitive learning is crucial for developing deep conceptual understanding, especially in STEM education, where students often struggle with abstract and interconnected concepts. Automatic question generation has become an effective…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Nicholas X. Wang , Neel V. Parpia , Aaryan D. Parikh , Aggelos K. Katsaggelos

With the continuous advancement of educational technology, the demand for Large Language Models (LLMs) as intelligent educational agents in providing personalized learning experiences is rapidly increasing. This study aims to explore how to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Changyong Qi , Linzhao Jia , Yuang Wei , Yuan-Hao Jiang , Xiaoqing Gu

This paper investigates the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) in formulating and solving decision-making problems using mathematical programming. We first conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of recent literature to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Mohammad J. Abdel-Rahman , Yasmeen Alslman , Dania Refai , Amro Saleh , Malik A. Abu Loha , Mohammad Yahya Hamed

Digital technologies are increasingly used in education to reduce the workload of teachers and students. However, creating open-ended study or examination questions and grading their answers is still a tedious task. This thesis presents the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Gérôme Meyer , Philip Breuer

We explore the automatic generation of interactive, scenario-based lessons designed to train novice human tutors who teach middle school mathematics online. Employing prompt engineering through a Retrieval-Augmented Generation approach with…

We propose cognitive prompting as a novel approach to guide problem-solving in large language models (LLMs) through structured, human-like cognitive operations, such as goal clarification, decomposition, filtering, abstraction, and pattern…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Oliver Kramer , Jill Baumann

Large Language Models (LLMs) have in recent years demonstrated impressive prowess in natural language generation. A common practice to improve generation diversity is to sample multiple outputs from the model. However, there lacks a simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Xingdi Yuan , Tong Wang , Yen-Hsiang Wang , Emery Fine , Rania Abdelghani , Pauline Lucas , Hélène Sauzéon , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer

In this paper, we present a novel approach for distilling math word problem solving capabilities from large language models (LLMs) into smaller, more efficient student models. Our approach is designed to consider the student model's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-25 Zhenwen Liang , Wenhao Yu , Tanmay Rajpurohit , Peter Clark , Xiangliang Zhang , Ashwin Kaylan

We explore the use of small language models (SLMs) for automatic question generation as a complement to the prevalent use of their large counterparts in learning analytics research. We present a novel question generation pipeline that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Yumou Wei , John Stamper , Paulo F. Carvalho

A critical question about Large Language Models (LLMs) is whether their apparent deficiency in mathematical reasoning is inherent, or merely a result of insufficient exposure to high-quality mathematical data. To explore this, we developed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Zenan Li , Zhi Zhou , Yuan Yao , Yu-Feng Li , Chun Cao , Fan Yang , Xian Zhang , Xiaoxing Ma

Mathematical reasoning serves as a crucial testbed for the intelligence of large language models (LLMs), and math word problems (MWPs) are a popular type of math problems. Most MWP datasets consist of problems containing only the necessary…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Kaiqi Yang , Hang Li , Yucheng Chu , Zitao Liu , Mi Tian , Hui Liu

Large pre-trained language models (LMs) have been shown to perform surprisingly well when fine-tuned on tasks that require commonsense and world knowledge. However, in end-to-end architectures, it is difficult to explain what is the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Veronica Latcinnik , Jonathan Berant

In the realm of education, student evaluation holds equal significance to imparting knowledge. To be evaluated, students usually need to go through text-based academic assessment methods. Instructors need to make a diverse set of questions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Md. Alvee Ehsan , A. S. M Mehedi Hasan , Kefaya Benta Shahnoor , Syeda Sumaiya Tasneem

Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) in educational settings has brought new learning approaches, transforming the practices of both students and educators. Among the various technologies driving this transformation, Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Giorgio Biancini , Alessio Ferrato , Carla Limongelli

Most learners fail to develop deep text comprehension when reading textbooks passively. Posing questions about what learners have read is a well-established way of fostering their text comprehension. However, many textbooks lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Tim Steuer , Anna Filighera , Tobias Meuser , Christoph Rensing

Can large language models improve without external data -- by generating their own questions and answers? We hypothesize that a pre-trained language model can improve its reasoning skills given only a single prompt specifying the topic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Lili Chen , Mihir Prabhudesai , Katerina Fragkiadaki , Hao Liu , Deepak Pathak

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning abilities, yet existing test-time frameworks often rely on coarse self-verification and self-correction, limiting their effectiveness on complex tasks. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Haizhou Shi , Ye Liu , Bo Pang , Zeyu Leo Liu , Hao Wang , Silvio Savarese , Caiming Xiong , Yingbo Zhou , Semih Yavuz